Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review
Abstract
Currently, there is debate among scholars regarding how to operationalize and measure executive functions. These functions generally are referred to as "supervisory" cognitive processes because they involve higher level organization and execution of complex thoughts and behavior. Although conceptualizations vary regarding what mental processes actually constitute the "executive function" construct, there has been a historical linkage of these "higher-level" processes with the frontal lobes. In fact, many investigators have used the term "frontal functions" synonymously with "executive functions" despite evidence that contradicts this synonymous usage. The current review provides a critical analysis of lesion and neuroimaging studies using three popular executive function measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, and Stroop Color Word Interference Test) in order to examine the validity of the executive function construct in terms of its relation to activation and damage to the frontal lobes. Empirical lesion data are examined via meta-analysis procedures along with formula derivatives. Results reveal mixed evidence that does not support a one-to-one relationship between executive functions and frontal lobe activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of construing the validity of these neuropsychological tests in anatomical, rather than cognitive and behavioral, terms.
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Early executive function difficulties may persist during development and are in turn associated with poor behavioral outcomes.
“Given that EF is closely associated with the pre-frontal cortex (Alvarez and Emory 2006), it is possible that early EF difficulties persist during development, which are in turn associated with poor behavioral outcomes.”
From Childhood Executive Function Predicts Later Autistic Features and Adaptive Behavior in Young Autistic People: a 12-Year Prospective Study (2019) · cites this paper as Alvarez and Emory 2006
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- Authors
- Alvarez, J. A., & Emory, E.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychology Review
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-42
- ISSN
- 1040-7308 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6660
- OpenAlex
- W2169683381
- Semantic Scholar
- 8306fef0decc5fe9991707e19f1930c4f95b1b84
- Cited by
- 1,981
- References
- 251
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 154 · 2016: 145 · 2015: 155 · 2014: 133 · 2013: 108 · 2012: 97
- FWCI
- 18.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh064732-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 64732)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- executive function, frontal lobe, frontal lobe damage, frontal lobe activation, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, phonemic fluency, neuropsychological test validity, construct validity, lesion studies, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Retrospective Studies, Verbal Behavior, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Reproducibility of Results
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