A ‘GAG’ reflex prevents repair of the damaged CNS
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of the central nervous system (CNS) serves as both a supporting structure for cells and a rich source of signaling molecules that can influence cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. A large proportion of this matrix is composed of proteoglycans--proteins with long chains of polysaccharides, called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), covalently attached. Although many of the activities of proteoglycans depend on their core proteins, GAGs themselves can influence cell signaling. Here we review accumulating evidence that two GAGs, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan, play essential roles during nervous system development but also accumulate in chronic CNS lesions and inhibit axonal regeneration and remyelination, making them significant hindrances to CNS repair. We propose that the balance between the synthesis and degradation of these molecules dictates, in part, how regeneration and recovery from CNS damage occurs.
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Chondroitin sulfate side chains are a type of GAG polysaccharide consisting of disaccharide blocks of N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid.
“These chondroitin sulfate side chains are a type of GAG polysaccharide consisting of disaccharide blocks of N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid (Sherman and Back, 2007).”
From The Perineuronal ‘Safety’ Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as Sherman and Back, 2007
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- Authors
- Sherman, L. S., & Back, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Oregon National Primate Research Center (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-52
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2027830942
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS056234, NS056234, R01NS054044, NS054044)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Keywords
- glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, extracellular matrix, central nervous system repair, axon regeneration, remyelination, central nervous system injury, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System, Chondroitin, Extracellular Matrix, Glycosaminoglycans, Humans, Hyaluronic Acid, Neurons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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