Perineuronal nets: past and present
Abstract
Golgi ranked the peripheral reticulum--which adheres intimately to nerve cell surfaces--alongside the intracellular reticulum, or Golgi apparatus,which immortalized his name. At first dismissed as an artefact of capricious staining techniques, this peripheral reticulum, or perineuronal net, is now recognized as a genuine entity in neurocytology. It represents a complex of extracellular matrix molecules interposed between the meshwork of glial processes, from which they are indistinguishable, and nerve-cell surfaces. In no other branch of neuroscience has the waxing and waning of interest in any morphological entity been so pronounced as in the case of the perineuronal net. This review traces the history of this enigmatic structure from its conception to the present time, brings to light the keen observational powers of morphologists at the turn of the century and reveals how their sagacious forethought anticipated current thinking on the role of perineuronal nets.
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PNNs play key roles in neural development, synaptogenesis, neuroprotection, and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity.
“As such, PNNs play key roles in neural development, synaptogenesis, neuroprotection, and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity (Celio et al., 1998;Dityatev and Schachner, 2003;McRae and Porter, 2012;Soleman et al., 2013;Suttkus et al., 2016).”
From Casting a Wide Net: Role of Perineuronal Nets in Neural Plasticity (2016) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
PNNs tightly interdigitate with synaptic contacts on the soma and proximal dendrites of neurons.
“the unique, lattice--like structures that wrap around specific neurons in the brain and spinal cord called perineuronal nets (PNNs) that tightly interdigitate with synaptic contacts on the soma and proximal dendrites of neurons (Celio et al., 1998;Deepa et al., 2006;Soleman et al., 2013).”
From Casting a Wide Net: Role of Perineuronal Nets in Neural Plasticity (2016) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
PNNs exclusively enwrap the soma and most proximal segments of dendrites.
“It has to be taken also into account that PNNs exclusively enwrap the soma and most proximal segments of dendrites (Celio et al., 1998;Fawcett et al., 2019)”
From Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and γ Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex (2020) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
Perineuronal nets are specialized assemblies of extracellular matrix proteins that ensheath neurons and proximal dendrites.
“Perineuronal nets are specialized assemblies of ECM proteins which ensheath neurons and proximal dendrites (Celio et al., 1998).”
From The Perineuronal ‘Safety’ Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
PNNs are specialized aggregates of extracellular matrix molecules surrounding the somata, dendrites, and proximal axon segment of distinct neuronal populations.
“Perineuronal nets (PNNs), first described by Camillo Golgi in 1898, are specialized aggregates of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules surrounding the somata, dendrites and proximal axon segment of distinct neuronal populations (Fig. 1) (Brauer et al., 1993; Celio et al., 1998; Golgi, 1898; Kwok et al., 2011; Seeger et al., 1994; Spreafico et al., 1999; Vitellaro-Zuccarello et al., 1998).”
From Losing the sugar coating: Potential impact of perineuronal net abnormalities on interneurons in schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
Dynamic assembly and remodeling of PNNs is associated with synapse formation and neural plasticity.
“The dynamic assembly and remodeling of PNNs has been associated with the formation of synapses and connections and thereby neural plasticity”
From Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: The importance of neuronal coatings (2014) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
PNN ECM molecules form stable lattice-like structures on neuronal somata, dendrites, and axons.
“these ECM molecules form large and stable lattice-like structures that rest on the surface of somata, dendrites and axons of neurons”
From Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: The importance of neuronal coatings (2014) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
Perineuronal nets are reticular extracellular matrix structures that surround the cell bodies of many neurons and extend along their dendrites.
“Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are reticular structures made of ECM molecules that surround the cell body of many neurons, and extend along their dendrites, which were first described by Camillo Golgi in 1882 (Celio et al., 1998).”
From The hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins: Organizers of the brain extracellular matrix and key molecules for neuronal function and plasticity (2015) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
Perineuronal nets have been observed throughout the central nervous system of different organisms, including frogs, birds, and mammals.
“PNNs have been observed throughout the CNS of different organisms, including frogs, birds and mammals (Celio et al., 1998;Balmer et al., 2009;Gaál et al., 2014;Morawski et al., 2009).”
From The hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins: Organizers of the brain extracellular matrix and key molecules for neuronal function and plasticity (2015) · cites this paper as Celio et al., 1998
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- Authors
- Celio, M. R., Spreafico, R., De Biasi, S., & Vitellaro-Zuccarello, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IT)
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 510-515
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998880226
- Cited by
- 497
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurology and Historical Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Medical and Biological Sciences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- perineuronal nets, extracellular matrix, glial processes, Golgi apparatus
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cell Membrane, Extracellular Matrix, Histocytochemistry, Humans, Neuroglia, Neurons, Spinal Cord, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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