Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience
Open accessAbstract
Peer support is largely considered to represent a recent advance in community mental health, introduced in the 1990s as part of the mental health service user movement. Actually, peer support has its roots in the moral treatment era inaugurated by Pussin and Pinel in France at the end of the 18th century, and has re-emerged at different times throughout the history of psychiatry. In its more recent form, peer support is rapidly expanding in a number of countries and, as a result, has become the focus of considerable research. Thus far, there is evidence that peer staff providing conventional mental health services can be effective in engaging people into care, reducing the use of emergency rooms and hospitals, and reducing substance use among persons with co-occurring substance use disorders. When providing peer support that involves positive self-disclosure, role modeling, and conditional regard, peer staff have also been found to increase participants' sense of hope, control, and ability to effect changes in their lives; increase their self-care, sense of community belonging, and satisfaction with various life domains; and decrease participants' level of depression and psychosis.
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Interest in peer support has waxed and waned over the years, with a tremendous amount of activity at present.
“Interest in peer support (i.e., involvement of PWLE in supporting other PWLE) has waxed and waned over the years, with a tremendous amount of activity at present 317 .”
From Ethical challenges in contemporary psychiatry: an overview and an appraisal of possible strategies and research needs (2024) · cites this paper as [317]
People with lived experience perform as well as others when they are in licensed practitioner roles.
“PWLE perform as well as others when they are in licensed practitioner roles 317 .”
From Ethical challenges in contemporary psychiatry: an overview and an appraisal of possible strategies and research needs (2024) · cites this paper as [317]
Peer supporters increase users' sense of hope and control, self-care, sense of belonging to a community, life satisfaction, and ability to change their lives.
“Peer supporters increase users' sense of hope and control, self-care, sense of belonging to a community, life satisfaction, and the ability to change their lives 317 .”
From Ethical challenges in contemporary psychiatry: an overview and an appraisal of possible strategies and research needs (2024) · cites this paper as [317]
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Self-citationEngaging mental health online: Insights from beyondblue ’s forum influencers
McCosker, A. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444818784303 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Moreover, trust in ‘official’ sources of health communication can be diminished and inverted by emergent social media norms, where peers provide greater access and cut-through than other sources of ‘official’ health information (Evers et al., 2013; Byron, 2015).”
BackgroundPeer workers in mental health services: literature overview
Gillard, S., & Holley, J. (2014) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.113.011940 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“People have long supported and been supported by their peers in their experiences of emotional and psychological distress, within both mental health services and the private sphere (Davidson 2012).”
Personal recovery within positive psychiatry
Bejerholm, U., & Roe, D. (2018) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1492015 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“This team constellation may reduce the risk of re-hospitalization for persons with recurrent readmissions, leads to better clinical outcomes, and reduces the need of mental health services in the long term [55,56].”
BackgroundResultO’Connell, M. J., Flanagan, E. H., Delphin-Rittmon, M. E., & Davidson, L. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1294733 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationEffective Peer Employment Within Multidisciplinary Organizations: Model for Best Practice
Byrne, L., Roennfeldt, H., Wolf, J., Linfoot, A., Foglesong, D., Davidson, L., & Bellamy, C. D. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01162-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationByrne, L., Roper, C., Happell, B., & Reid‐Searl, K. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2016.1244715 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Lived experience roles, particularly peer support workers, have flourished within diverse settings in these countries (Davidson et al., 2012; O’Hagan et al., 2009; Repper & Carter, 2011).”
BackgroundWilliams, A., Fossey, E., Farhall, J., Foley, F., & Thomas, N. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9934 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Unintended consequences of institutionalizing peer support work in mental healthcare
Adams, W. E. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113249 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Davidson, G., Brophy, L. M., Campbell, J., Farrell, S., Gooding, P., & O’Brien, A.-M. (2015) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.029 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Peer support has also been found to improve engagement with services 22 (Jewell, Davidson & Rowe, 2006; Davidson et al., 2012) but this requires significant organisational support.”
BackgroundGalderisi, S., Appelbaum, P. S., Gill, N., Gooding, P., Herrman, H., Melillo, A., Myrick, K., Pathare, S., Savage, M., Szmukler, G., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21230 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Interest in peer support (i.e., involvement of PWLE in supporting other PWLE) has waxed and waned over the years, with a tremendous amount of activity at present 317 .”
InfluentialMoran, G. S., Kalha, J., Mueller‐Stierlin, A. S., Kilian, R., Krumm, S., Slade, M., Charles, A., Mahlke, C., Nixdorf, R., Basangwa, D., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4177-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Participation in peer support services and outcomes related to recovery.
Vayshenker, B., Mulay, A. L., Gonzales, L., West, M. L., Brown, I. S., & Yanos, P. T. (2016) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000178 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Development and Evaluation of a Recovery College Fidelity Measure
Toney, R., Knight, J., Hamill, K., Taylor, A. F., Henderson, C., Crowther, A., Meddings, S., Barbic, S. P., Jennings, H., Pollock, K., et al. (2018) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743718815893 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Component Location SE Fit Residual Chi(2) df (32,2) p”
BackgroundOwusu, E., Oluwasina, F., Nkire, N., Lawal, M. A., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091808 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“These rates are considerably higher than those identified in the follow-ups of generally comparable groups of mixed-age and younger patients [82,83].”
BackgroundResultTinland, A., Loubière, S., Mougeot, F., Jouet, É., Pontier, M., Baumstarck, K., Loundou, A., Franck, N., Lançon, C., & Auquier, P. (2022) · JAMA psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1627 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“8%) were included during a hospitalization, with no significant differences in median (IQR) number of inpatient days between inclusion and discharge (34 [7-76] days vs 36 [11-67] days; P = .”
BackgroundBoevink, W., Kroon, H., van Vugt, M., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2016) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2016.1172335 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Druss, B. G., Singh, M., von Esenwein, S. A., Glick, G. E., Tapscott, S. L., Tucker, S. J., Lally, C. A., & Sterling, E. W. (2018) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700352 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ehrlich, C., Slattery, M., Vilic, G., Chester, P., & Crompton, D. (2019) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2019.1612334 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Rather, they were encouraged to support clinicians by working across organizations and were subsequently invited to participate in collaborative activities with external organizations, which enabled effective engagement between consumers and clinicians (Davidson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundKaiser, B. N., Varma, S., Carpenter-Song, E. A., Sareff, R., Rai, S., & Kohrt, B. A. (2019) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000384 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…2010; Shohet, 2007; Spagnolo, Murphy, & Librera, 2008; Yanos et al., 2015), to gauge positive subjective transformation during and after substance abuse treatment (Carr, 2010; Chenhall, 2007; Paik, 2006), and of course as part of formal peer support programs (Davidson et al., 2012; Solomon, 2004).”
BackgroundHornik‐Lurie, T., Shalev, A., Haknazar, L., Epstein, P. G., Ziedenberg‐Rehav, L., & Moran, G. S. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12502 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Åkerblom, K. B., & Ness, O. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-022-01242-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cleary, M. L., Raeburn, T., Escott, P., West, S., & López, V. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12474 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“© 2018 Australian College of Mental Health Nurses Inc. employed PSWs in a North American hospital in the 1920s (Davidson et al. 2012), Alcoholics Anonymous which relies entirely on peer work began in the early 1930s, and the peer-led psychosocial Clubhouse model began in the late 1940s (Raeburn…”
BackgroundStigma resistance at the personal, peer, and public levels: A new conceptual model.
Firmin, R. L., Luther, L., Lysaker, P. H., Minor, K. S., McGrew, J. H., Cornwell, M. N., & Salyers, M. P. (2016) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000054 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Salzer, M. S., Rogers, J. A., Salandra, N., O'Callaghan, C., Fulton, F., Balletta, A. A., Pizziketti, K., & Brusilovskiy, E. (2016) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000220 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Student perspectives on mental health support and services in the UK
Batchelor, R., Pitman, E., Sharpington, A., Stock, M., & Cage, E. (2019) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2019.1579896 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Abelson, S., Lipson, S. K., & Eisenberg, D. (2022) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76660-3_6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Outcomes of a Peer Mentor Intervention for Persons With Recurrent Psychiatric Hospitalization
O’Connell, M. J., Sledge, W. H., Lawless, M. S., Sells, D., Costa, M. N., Wieland, M. E., & Davidson, L. (2018) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600478 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychotherapy of adjustment disorders: Current state and future directions
Domhardt, M., & Baumeister, H. (2018) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2018.1467041 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Beyond AD, the impact of peer support on patient mental health and well-being is well documented (Davidson et al. 2012; Mahlke et al. 2014).”
BackgroundScanlan, J. N., Still, M., Radican, J., Henkel, D., Heffernan, T., Farrugia, P., Isbester, J., & English, J. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02688-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A community-based peer support service for persons with severe mental illness in China
Fan, Y., Ma, N., Ma, L., Xu, W., Lamberti, J. S., & Caine, E. D. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1763-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“care [3], peer support services emphasize the importance of personal interests and strengths as foundations of re-”
BackgroundOtte, I. C., Werning, A., Nossek, A., Vollmann, J., Juckel, G., & Gather, J. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020904764 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Over the last few decades, peer support has been increasingly implemented in various countries and mental healthcare settings (Davidson et al., 2012; Farkas & Boevink, 2018; Mahlke et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSkin in the game: The professionalization of lived experience roles in mental health
Roennfeldt, H., & Byrne, L. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12898 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stubbs, B., Williams, J., Shannon, J., Gaughran, F., & Craig, T. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12256 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Durbin, A., Nisenbaum, R., Kopp, B. C., O'Campo, P., Hwang, S. W., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2019) · Health and Social Care in the community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12722 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Peer support groups after acquired brain injury: a systematic review
Hughes, R. L., Fleming, P., & Henshall, L. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1762002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Davidson [6] reported 19 that peer support offer three contributions: 1) the installation of hope using self20 disclose, 2) a modelling function of self-care behaviour, and 3) a relationship 21 between peer provider and recipient which is characterised by trust, acceptance, 22 understanding and the use of empathy.”
BackgroundPeer Models in Mental Health for Caregivers and Families
Acri, M. C., Hooley, C., Richardson, N., & Moaba, L. B. (2016) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-016-0040-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…data. for an adult with mental health problems or a caregiver of a child, peer support services are unidirectional, from peer to recipient, rather than bidirectional and mutually supportive, as a way to differentiate these models from consumer-run and self-help groups (Davidson et al. 2012).”
InfluentialPeer delivered services in mental health care in 2018: infancy or adolescence?
Farkas, M. D., & Boevink, W. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20530 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Development of the REFOCUS intervention to increase mental health team support for personal recovery
Slade, M., Bird, V., Boutillier, C. L., Farkas, M., Grey, B., Larsen, J., Leamy, M., Oades, L., & Williams, J. (2015) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.155978 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mantovani, N., Pizzolati, M., & Gillard, S. (2015) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12288 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Peer workers are people who have personal experience of mental health problems to support others in recovery (Davidson et al. 2012), though like other lay figures, they are trained and employed to work in a formalised role (Wallace et al. 2013).”
BackgroundGrant, K. L., Simmons, M. B., & Davey, C. G. (2018) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700292 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Strategic Storytelling: An Exploration of the Professional Practices of Mental Health Peer Providers
Mancini, M. A. (2019) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732318821689 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Studies have consistently found that the positive benefits of peer-provided services match the effectiveness of nonpeer mental health professionals across a range of psychiatric outcomes (Davidson et al., 2012; Davidson et al., 2006; Fuhr et al., 2014; Hamilton, Chinman, Cohen, Oberman, & Young, 2015; Lloyd-Evans et a…”
BackgroundInfluentialRecovery support services as part of the continuum of care for alcohol or drug use disorders
Day, E., Pechey, L., Roscoe, S., & Kelly, J. F. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16751 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Peers act as role models for recovery allowing others to feel more hopeful about their own situation [43].”
Shared decision making within the context of recovery-oriented care
Davidson, L., Tondora, J., Pavlo, A. J., & Stanhope, V. (2017) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-01-2017-0007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationByrne, L., Roennfeldt, H., Wang, Y., & O’Shea, P. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12562 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Preparing Long-Term Care Staff to Meet the Needs of Aging Persons With Serious Mental Illness
Muralidharan, A., Mills, W. L., Evans, D. R., Fujii, D. E. M., & Molinari, V. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.03.018 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Gaiser, M., Buche, J., Wayment, C., Schoebel, V., Smith, J., Chapman, S. A., & Beck, A. J. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.025 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Coulthard, K., Patel, D., Brizzolara, C., Morriss, R. K., & Watson, S. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-301 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“It is argued that this development is supported by social learning theory [16] and that PSs can effectively teach coping and selfmanagement strategies [17] and further that PSs often increase patients’ engagement and improve patient satisfaction [14,18].”
BackgroundSupportive Relationships Among Former System Youth With Mental Health Challenges
Munson, M. R., Brown, S., Spencer, R., Edguer, M. N., & Tracy, E. M. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558414554803 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Future of Peer Support in Digital Psychiatry: Promise, Progress, and Opportunities
Fortuna, K. L., Venegas, M. D. R. A., Umucu, E., Mois, G., Walker, R., & Brooks, J. (2019) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-019-00179-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Routine (non-digital) peer support has shown to increase individuals’ hope, sense of personal control, ability to make positive changes, and decrease psychiatric symptoms [7].”
BackgroundGross, J., Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Gorczynski, P., & Soundy, A. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1024343 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“In addition, peer support should be considered within interventions for its value in helping individuals change their lives and increase their sense of belonging and life satisfaction [64].”
BackgroundMcColl, L. D., Rideout, P. E., Parmar, T. N., & Abba‐Aji, A. (2014) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0038095 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The reciprocity of personal, lived experiences with others who relate is integral to effective peer support intervention, creating opportunity for positive experiences of self-disclosure (Davidson et al., 2012; Repper & Carter, 2011).”
Background
- Authors
- DAVIDSON, L., BELLAMY, C., GUY, K., & MILLER, R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-128
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC3363389
- OpenAlex
- W2100229021
- Cited by
- 913
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 37.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Keywords
- peer support, severe mental illness, moral treatment, community mental health, engagement in care, emergency department utilization, hospitalization, co-occurring substance use disorders, self-disclosure, role modeling, hope, self-care, community belonging, depression, psychosis
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