Sex-specificity in transgenerational epigenetic programming
Abstract
Prenatal programming of the epigenome is a critical determinant in offspring outcome and stands at the interface between environment and genetics. Maternal experiences such as stress and obesity are associated with a host of neurodevelopmental and metabolic diseases, some of which have been characterized into the second and third generations. The mechanism through which determinants such as maternal diet or stress contribute to disease development likely involves a complex interaction between the maternal environment, placental changes, and epigenetic programming of the embryo. While we have begun to more fully appreciate and explore the epigenome in determination of disease risk, we know little as to the contribution embryo sex makes in epigenetic regulation. This review discusses the importance of sex differences in the transmission and inheritance of traits that are generated in the prenatal environment using models of maternal stress and diet.
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Previous studies have shown that epigenetics is an important contributor to the sex differences in brain functions and vulnerability to diseases.
“Previous studies have shown that epigenetics is an important contributor to the sex differences in brain functions and vulnerability to diseases [12–16]”
From Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Dunn, G. A., Morgan, C. P., & Bale, T. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bale, Tracy L.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 290-295
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093483466
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Syndromes and Imprinting
- Keywords
- sex differences, prenatal programming, maternal stress, maternal diet, placenta, embryo sex, epigenetic inheritance, neurodevelopmental disorders, metabolic disorders, offspring outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Stress, Physiological, Epigenesis, Genetic
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