CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 485Epigenetics and DNA MethylationEffects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsBirth, Development, and Health

What is an epigenetic transgenerational phenotype?

Open access
Skinner, Michael K.·2008·Reproductive Toxicology
DOI 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.09.001PMC PMC2249610
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The ability of an environmental exposure to induce an epigenetic transgenerational adult onset disease phenotype is discussed in the current mini-review in the context of defining this phenomenon and the associated reproductive toxicology. A gestating female (F0 generation) exposure to an environmental compound results in the F1 generation embryo and F2 generation germ-line being directly exposed, such that the F3 generation is the first not directly exposed to the environmental compound. In contrast, postnatal or adult exposure (F0 generation) results in the F1 generation germ-line being exposed, such that F2 generation is the first to not be directly exposed to the environmental compound. The unequivocal transgenerational transmission of an adult onset disease phenotype through the germ-line requires assessment of the F3 generation for embryonic exposure, and F2 generation for postnatal exposure. This is in contrast to a number of F1 and F2 generation studies referred to as transgenerational. The reproductive toxicology associated with this transgenerational phenotype generally involves the reprogramming of the germ-line epigenome. The biological phenomenon involved in this reproductive toxicology deals with embryonic gonadal development and germ-line differentiation, or postnatally the gametogenesis process and germ cell development. The ability of an environmental compound (e.g. endocrine disruptor) to promote this reprogramming of the germ-line appears to be the causal factor in the epigenetic transgenerational phenotype.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.09.001

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Transgenerational epigenetic stability has been defined differently, from intergenerational epigenetic inheritance (direct heritage from parents to children) to transgenerational inheritance (descending from F0 to F2, grandparents to grandchildren).

    “Additionally, transgenerational epigenetic stability [44,49,50] has been defined differently, from intergenerational epigenetic inheritance, which represents the direct heritage of epigenetic marks from one generation to the next, which means directly from parents to children, to transgenerational inheritance, which has been defined as descending from F0 to F2, in other words, from grandparents to”

    From Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications (2024) · cites this paper as [50]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Skinner, M. K.
Affiliations
Washington State University (US)
Corresponding author
Skinner, Michael K.
ORCID
Skinner, Michael K.
Venue
Reproductive Toxicology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2008-01
Volume
25
Issue
1
Pages
2-6
ISSN
0890-6238 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.09.001
PMC
PMC2249610
OpenAlex
W1487412251
Cited by
485
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 21
FWCI
0.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Reproductive Toxicology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES012974)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Keywords
environmental exposure, adult-onset disease, endocrine disruptors, germ cell development, gametogenesis, gonad development
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Differentiation, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Gametogenesis, Genotype, Germ Cells, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Reproduction, Germ-Line Mutation, Genomic Imprinting, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Epigenesis, Genetic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review