Impact of socio-emotional context, brain development, and pubertal maturation on adolescent risk-taking

In the paper

“Variations in sensation-seeking and self regulation, in turn, are associated with variations in behaviors, including risk-taking”

In the paper

“Aspects of self-control have been linked to the functioning of brain regions and systems that subserve cognitive control (e.g., lateral prefronal, lateral parietal, and anterior cingulate cortices).”

In the paper

“Puberty, on average, takes place when antisocial peer influence is still relatively weak and parental monitoring is still relatively vigilant (Collins & Steinberg, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Collins & Steinberg, 2006

In the paper

“models of decision making, which characterize decision making as the byproduct of an interaction between processes that support controlled, reasoned, and deliberative behavior and those that drive reactive, emotional, and reward-sensitive responding.”

In the paper

“the relation between puberty and reward-sensitivity or cognitive control may be different from that between puberty and sensation-seeking or self regulation, and the relation between puberty and sensation-seeking or self regulation may not be the same as that between puberty and actual risk-taking.”

In the paper

“the sharpest increase in risky behavior may occur later in development than the peak in pubertal change or the peak in sensation-seeking, because real-world risk taking is influenced by a wide constellation of factors”

In the paper

“The results indicate the increased sensitivity of adolescent participants to the affective manipulation, and the consequent increase in the tendency to engage in risky decision making.”

In the paper

“Although we argue that puberty and risky behavior are related, it would be foolish to expect that they move together in perfect lockstep.”

In the paper

“Regardless of age, participants increased their rate of risk-taking in the “hot” version of the task, but the effect of the feedback manipulation was greatest among the adolescent groups, who turned over significantly more cards in the “hot” version than did the adults.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Figner et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, Eysenck, & Eysenck, 1978), perhaps the most widely used self-report measure of sensation-seeking, includes items such as “I often do things on impulse,””

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zuckerman, Eysenck, & Eysenck, 1978 source

In the paper

“although sensation-seeking and impulsivity are entirely different constructs (e.g., one can pursue a novel or exciting goal with a great degree of planning and self-control), self-report measures of these constructs often contain overlapping items”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg et al., 2008

In the paper

“Overall rates of risk-taking (and subsequent crashes) did not differ between adolescents and adults when the game was played alone (the “cold” setting).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chein et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“when tested with a peer audience (the “hot” setting), adolescents showed a significant increase in risk-taking, whereas adults did not.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chein et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“These differential temporal correlations between cognitive development, affective development, and pubertal change provide clues that puberty plays a differential role in the development of each pathway, with puberty having an especially strong impact on the development of the affective pathway.”

In the paper

“Warren and Brooks-Gunn used items from the Impulse Control subscale of the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (Offer, Ostrov, & Howard, 1981), on which more than half of the items are questionable indices of impulsivity, and appear to be more reflective of negative affectivity”

• Also stated in: § Pubertal influences on behavior · plain

  “whereas Steinberg et al. used items from the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, which has better face validity as a measure of impulse control.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Offer, Ostrov, & Howard, 1981

In the paper

“We are aware of just two relevant studies, and these studies have conflicting results.”

In the paper

“there is both behavioral and brain-related evidence suggesting that adolescence is an important time of change for certain cognitive and affective processes.”

In the paper

“This network, which governs reward sensitivity, among other functions, is thought to influence the suite of inclinations we refer to as “sensation-seeking.””

In the paper

“the processes that underlie affective responding exhibit an inverted-U shaped pattern of developmental change that is most dramatic during the first part of adolescence (Steinberg, Cauffman, et al., 2009; Cauffman et al., 2010), the most significant period of pubertal development.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, Cauffman, et al., 2009
• Not checked yetcites Cauffman et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“adults are less sensitive to these affective inputs both because the responsiveness of the affective pathway may be attenuated in adulthood, and because adults possess a more fully matured capacity for cognitive control that allows impulsive, reactive, responses to be held in check (Chein et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chein et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“individuals with naturally high levels of testosterone exhibited elevated reward-seeking and decreased punishment avoidance, resulting in disadvantageous decision making”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stanton et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“studies directly examining puberty and negative affectivity find that they are positively correlated among females (Negriff & Susman, 2011), which may account for the Warren and Brooks-Gunn finding.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Negriff & Susman, 2011

In the paper

“Given that the protracted development of this ability does not parallel the course of pubertal development, it is perhaps unsurprising that few studies have explored the direct relationship between pubertal maturation and the development of self-regulation.”

In the paper

“Warren and Brooks-Dunn (1989) reported a curvilinear trend, in which impulse control is heightened during early and late puberty but low at intermediate stages. They found that this effect was further increased when chronological age was controlled.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Warren and Brooks-Dunn (1989)

In the paper

“administrations of testosterone and/or estradiol have been tied to increased conditioned place preference (Alexander, Packard, & Hines, 1994), lever pressing for drug and saccharin administration (Clark, Lindenfield, & Gibbons, 1996; Miele, Rosellin, & Svare, 1988), and reward-related brain stimulation (Bless et al., 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Alexander, Packard, & Hines, 1994
• Not checked yetcites Clark, Lindenfield, & Gibbons, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Bless et al., 1997 source

In the paper

“this “cognitive control” network of brain regions is often described with respect to its involvement in self-regulation, the ability to withhold prepotent responding in favor of deliberative, planned, goal-directed, and contextually appropriate actions”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, & Cohen, 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites Chein & Schneider, 2005, 2012
• Not checked yetcites Miller & Cohen, 2001 source

In the paper

“self-reported sensation-seeking followed an inverted-U shaped function, peaking in mid-adolescence, whereas impulsivity declined linearly over the course of adolescence and into young adulthood”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2011

In the paper

“Steinberg and colleagues found that impulsivity, as indexed both by self-report and performance on a behavioral task, was correlated with chronological age but not pubertal status (Steinberg et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg et al., 2008

In the paper

“many laboratory studies of age differences in risky decision making purposefully minimize socio-emotional and situational factors that are present in everyday situations. Accordingly, these studies only observe the type of decision making that results from relatively slow, “cold,” analytical processes, in the absence of strong affective inputs.”

In the paper

“Sensation-seeking is likely influenced by reward-sensitivity and follows a similar developmental trajectory, peaking during adolescence and declining through adulthood”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg et al., 2008
• Not checked yetcites Zuckerman et al., 1978 source

In the paper

“Sensation seeking and substance use have also been closely tied to testosterone release in males (Bauman et al., 1989; Daitzman & Zuckerman, 1980) and estrogen release in females (Daitzman et al., 1978; Martin et al., 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bauman et al., 1989 source
• Not checked yetcites Daitzman & Zuckerman, 1980
• Not checked yetcites Daitzman et al., 1978 source

In the paper

“According to the dual-systems account, the reactive, “hot,” pathway is in a state of hypersensitivity during adolescence, and socio-emotional contextual factors provide a drive to activation of this hypersensitive system.”

In the paper

“Many basic cognitive, information-processing, and reasoning skills reach adult-like levels before mid-adolescence, and do not change substantially thereafter (Steinberg, Cauffman et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, Cauffman et al., 2009

In the paper

“recent studies have demonstrated that there are organizational changes occurring during adolescence as well, and, moreover, that these organizational changes may be critical for activational changes to take place”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Meek et al., 1997 source
• Not checked yetcites Schulz et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Sisk & Zehr, 2005 source

In the paper

“Activational changes are considered transient, and the brain systems affected by them often return to their pre-activated state when hormone levels subside”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sisk & Zehr, 2005 source

In the paper

“Adolescence is characterized by two critical structural changes in the brain: decreases in gray matter volume (neuronal bodies) and increases in white matter volume (myelinated axons).”

In the paper

“The findings are somewhat mixed, but provide evidence that developmental differences in control can be reduced (or eliminated) when successful performance is directly and adequately rewarded.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Geier, et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Hardin et al., 2007
• Not checked yetcites Jazbec, et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“In both conditions, adolescents, but not children or adults, exhibited greater striatal response to happy compared to neutral faces, demonstrating a hypersensitivity to affective stimuli. More important, during the “hot” trials, adolescents had significantly more false alarms”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sommerville, Hare, and Casey (2011)

In the paper

“organizational changes are permanent changes in the structure and organization of brain regions that are initiated by the release of hormones but not dependent on continuing hormone release”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sisk & Zehr, 2005 source

In the paper

“the ability to suppress a response in adults was correlated with increased frontostriatal connectivity, suggesting that the increased connectivity between reward and self-regulation regions may be responsible for decreases in risk-taking behavior into adulthood.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sommerville, Hare, and Casey (2011)

In the paper

“The mid/late pubertal adolescent group did not differ from the adult group, suggesting that a near mature reward processing system is in place by the end of puberty.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Forbes and colleagues (2010)

In the paper

“This network is centrally involved in the processing of social and emotional stimuli (e.g., face recognition, social judgments, social reasoning; Adolphs, 2003) and, importantly, includes neural circuits that mediate reward-sensitivity (Spear, 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Adolphs, 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Spear, 2009

In the paper

“puberty may also affect adolescent decision-making indirectly, by influencing the ways in which an adolescent whose outward appearance is changing interacts with others.”

In the paper

“there is reason to think that the impact of pubertal hormones on risk taking might be stronger among early maturers than on-time or late maturers, in part because early maturers experience these hormonal changes at younger ages, when their self-regulatory competencies are less mature”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2008

In the paper

“brain development does not follow a single global pattern, but instead, that the different brain systems involved in cognitive control and reward processing seem to undergo asynchronous periods of change”

In the paper

“the magnitude of striatal activity during decision making has been found to be correlated with self-reported risk-taking (Galvan et al., 2006) and to be predictive of whether or not a risk will be taken (Chein et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Galvan et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Chein et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“testosterone levels were negatively correlated with striatal response to reward outcome”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Forbes and colleagues (2010)

In the paper

“Despite evidence for lower basal levels of dopamine release in adolescent (relative to adult) rats, adolescent rats evince greater dopamine release than adults in response to certain rewarding stimuli”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Laviola, Pascucci, & Pieretti, 2001

In the paper

“Recent research indicates that functional connectivity increases steadily throughout adolescence, reaching a plateau around age 22 (Dosenbach et al., 2010), around the time that rates of most forms of risky behavior have already begun to decline.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dosenbach et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“it is likely that the ways in which puberty affects decision making vary as a function of the context in which the adolescent develops.”

In the paper

“Puberty may be associated with risky decision making in the laboratory”

In the paper

“whether this plays out in the real world depends on opportunities for engaging in risky behavior.”