Impact of socio-emotional context, brain development, and pubertal maturation on adolescent risk-taking

In the paper

“although pubertal hormones may incline the adolescent toward sensation-seeking, it is unlikely that the onset of puberty immediately triggers a rampage of recklessness.”

In the paper

“This asynchrony, we argue, may be partially linked to pubertal influences on development and, especially, to pubertal influences on affective processing.”

In the paper

“normative changes in the context in which individuals live during adolescence may contribute to changes in decision making, and to the increase in risk-taking in particular.”

In the paper

“some changes in risk-taking and decision making may coincide with puberty, but be independent of it.”

In the paper

“because there is typically a weakening of parental supervision as individuals transition from childhood into adolescence, increases in risky behavior may be the consequence of greater opportunity to engage in behaviors that at earlier periods of development had been deterred by the presence of parents.”

In the paper

“the ability of dual-process models to accommodate the interacting influences of cognitive and affective inputs to decision making has elevated this class of models to the forefront of research on adolescent cognitive development”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Pfeifer & Allen, 2012 source

In the paper

“rates of most forms of risky and reckless behavior do, in fact, increase between preadolescence and middle or late adolescence and decline in early adulthood.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Piquero, 2007
• Not checked yetcites Twisk & Stacey, 2007
• Not checked yetcites CDC, 2012

In the paper

“Commonly used measures of puberty include self-reports, clinician observations, and hormonal assays, which have been scored both continuously and categorically”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dorn & Biro, 2011

In the paper

“studies that link a specific construct to age or puberty might produce results that differ from those that examine a related, but not identical, construct.”

In the paper

“there is a surprising absence of research on the direct links between pubertal maturation and adolescent risk-taking (or adolescent decision making, more generally), with the possible exception of research on the behavioral consequences of early or late pubertal maturation”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Negriff & Susman, 2011

In the paper

“Apparent inconsistencies in findings may be due to inconsistencies in the constructs and operationalizations employed.”

In the paper

“Recruitment of brain regions and systems implicated in reward-processing (e.g., ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex) has been linked to measures of sensation seeking in humans and animals”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Abler et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Leyton et al., 2002 source
• Not checked yetcites Lind, 2005 source

In the paper

“one reason for many apparent inconsistencies and contradictions in this literature is the wide diversity of constructs used and the methods and measures employed.”

In the paper

“age differences in decision making are far smaller under conditions of low arousal (“cold”) than they are when arousal is high (“hot”), particularly in mid-adolescence, when the gap between sensation-seeking and self-regulation is greatest”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2011
• Not checked yetcites Shulman, Chein, Harden, & Steinberg, 2013

In the paper

“Because peers take on increased importance at this time, adolescents may begin to engage in certain types of risky behavior in order to demonstrate or facilitate their affiliation with others.”

In the paper

“Under “cold” conditions, adolescents (split into groups of 13–16 and 17–19 year olds) and adults (20 years and older) demonstrated similar behavior (i.e., opted, on average, to turn over the same number of cards), with both groups approximating the statistically optimal pattern of behavior based on the value and ratio of “good” versus “bad” cards in the deck.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Figner et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“adolescents make notably different decisions about risk than adults, even though they possess the same basic reasoning and information processing skills”

In the paper

“the links among these neurobiological, psychological, and behavioral constructs are imperfect, because they are moderated by other, often unmeasured, individual and contextual variables.”

In the paper

“studies have generally examined the relationship between pubertal development and changes in decision making by way of indirect correlational studies, which often confound the direct influences of puberty with other factors such as chronological age, aspects of emotional, cognitive, and social development that are independent of puberty, and variations in contexts in which decisions are made.”

In the paper

“Evidence for curvilinear developmental changes in psychological and behavioral manifestations of reward-sensitivity is demonstrated in a study examining age differences in reward processing, risk taking, and psychosocial maturity in a large sample of individuals ranging from 10 to 30 years old”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, Cauffman, et al., 2009

In the paper

“It is posited that androgens have reinforcing effects that increase the salience of rewarding stimuli (Wood, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wood, 2004 source

In the paper

“there is evidence pointing to a more direct link between pubertal maturation and developmental changes in the “hot,” affective processing pathway”

In the paper

“the maturation of these foundational skills does not likely explain the large differences between adolescents’ and adults’ decision making about risk.”

In the paper

“the cognitive mechanisms associated with deliberation follow a linear and protracted developmental trajectory that extends into adulthood (Davidson, Amso, Anderson, & Diamond, 2006; Steinberg et al., 2008; Steinberg, Cauffman, Woolard, Graham, & Banich, 2009), well beyond the most striking period in pubertal development”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Davidson, Amso, Anderson, & Diamond, 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Steinberg et al., 2008
• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, Cauffman, Woolard, Graham, & Banich, 2009

In the paper

“one important cognitive skill, the capacity for self-regulation, exhibits a much more protracted period of maturation that extends across adolescence and into early adulthood”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Davidson et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Steinberg et al., 2008
• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, Cauffman, et al., 2009

In the paper

“The cognitive and affective pathways discussed in dual-systems accounts are not merely useful theoretical constructs, but have been associated with two specific, interacting, brain systems that are implicated in decision making.”

In the paper

“Following testosterone administration, participants showed increased reward-seeking, again resulting in disadvantageous decision making”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites VanHonk et al., 2004

In the paper

“The direct influence of pubertal hormones on reward-seeking behavior has been demonstrated in a series of studies using animal models.”

In the paper

“behavioral indicators of reward sensitivity (on a modified version of the Iowa Gambling Task; Cauffman et al., 2010)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cauffman et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“self-reported sensation seeking was positively correlated with pubertal maturation in a group of early adolescents, an effect that was present even when controlling for chronological age”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Martin and colleagues (2002)

In the paper

“The discrepancy between these studies may be due to the use of different operationalizations of impulse control”

In the paper

“preference for immediate over delayed rewards (Steinberg, Graham, et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, Graham, et al., 2009

In the paper

“The affective pathway described in dual-systems models is most closely associated with a network of limbic and paralimbic areas involved in emotion- and reward-related processing, most notably the ventral striatum (which subsumes the nucleus accumbens), but also the orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and superior temporal sulcus”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Adolphs, 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Knutson & Cooper, 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Spear, 2009

In the paper

“Hormone-dependent increases in reward sensitivity thus may bias an individual towards risk-taking.”

In the paper

“some of the mental machinery that supports “cold” processing continues to mature well beyond adolescence (e.g., lateral prefrontal cortex: O’Donnell, Noseworth, Levine, & Dennis, 2005; Asato, Terwilliger, Woo & Luna, 2010; Giedd, 2008,)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites O’Donnell, Noseworth, Levine, & Dennis, 2005
• Not checked yetcites Asato, Terwilliger, Woo & Luna, 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Giedd, 2008 source

In the paper

“sensation-seeking (Steinberg, Albert, et al., 2008)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, Albert, et al., 2008

In the paper

“the developmental changes occurring in these systems follow different timelines.”

In the paper

“increased risk-taking during adolescence can be explained by an increased tendency for adolescents to utilize the “hot” rather than the “cold” pathway when affective contextual influences are present”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gerrard, Gibbons, Houlihan, Stock, & Pomery, 2008
• Not checked yetcites Casey, Getz & Galvan, 2008
• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2008, 2010

In the paper

“sensation-seeking during adolescence is more closely tied to pubertal maturation than chronological age”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, et al., 2008

In the paper

“peaks (followed by declines) in early-to-middle adolescence of self-reported risk preference (Steinberg, 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2009

In the paper

“sensation seeking mediated the relationship between puberty and risky behaviors, such as substance abuse”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Martin and colleagues (2002)

In the paper

“the developmental state of this system during adolescence is generally adequate to support reasoned decision making in minimally arousing situations”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chein et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Eshel, Nelson, Blair, Pine, & Ernst, 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Figner et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Research on the neural mechanisms that subserve deliberative processing has generally focused on a network of interacting brain centers including the lateral prefrontal cortex most prominently, but also regions of the posterior parietal cortex and areas of the dorsal prefrontal midline (especially the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Casey et al., 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites Casey et al., 2008
• Not checked yetcites Luna, Padmanabhan, & O’Hearn, 2010 source

In the paper

“the weight of the available evidence seems to suggest that puberty plays a causal role in producing the imbalance between “cold” and “hot” processing that characterizes adolescent decision making about risk, mainly through its impact on processes subserved by the affective pathway, especially, reward-sensitivity.”

In the paper

“Taken together, these various results illustrate just how complicated the relationship between reward-processing and puberty is – findings vary as a function of the index of puberty employed, the age of the participants, the task used to measure reward sensitivity, and the phase of reward processing (i.e., anticipation or receipt) studied.”

In the paper

“One of the most important structural and functional brain changes during adolescence is the maturation of limbic and paralimbic areas associated with reward processing”

In the paper

“During receipt of reward, mid/late pubertal adolescents exhibited weaker striatal response and stronger PFC response compared to pre/early pubertal adolescents.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Forbes and colleagues (2010)

In the paper

“over the course of adolescence anatomical and functional connections between structures within the affective and cognitive brain systems, specifically the striatum and PFC, increase”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dosenbach et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Sommerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011

In the paper

“Research with gonadectomized rodents demonstrates normative patterns of dopaminergic proliferation and pruning, indicating that such neural development is not dependent on organizational changes in hormones at puberty”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Spear, 2009

In the paper

“structurally, this brain area is among the last to reach adult-like cortical composition”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Giedd, 2006 source

In the paper

“Within the dual systems framework, heightened attention to reward in the context of immature cognitive control makes adolescents particularly vulnerable to risk taking.”

In the paper

“Gray matter loss during adolescence is not spatially uniform across the brain, and instead, occurs at different times and rates in different brain regions”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Giedd & Rapoport, 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Gogtay and Thomson, 2010

In the paper

“Dopamine receptor binding in the rat striatum peaks in adolescence at levels that are 30–45% greater than those observed in adulthood”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Teicher et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“several recent functional neuroimaging studies of age differences in reward processing have found increased BOLD activation in the striatum among adolescents in response to reward anticipation, compared to adults and children”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ernst et al., 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Galvan et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Geier et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“cortical thinning (associated with decreases in gray matter and increases in white matter) in the PFC is evident throughout adolescence and well into the second decade of life, indicating that this system continues to mature even beyond late adolescence”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Asato, Terwilliger, Woo & Luna, 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Giedd, 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites O’Donnell, Noseworth, Levine, & Dennis, 2005

In the paper

“There is insufficient research on the relation between pubertal maturation and cognitive control to draw any definitive conclusions.”

In the paper

“The initiation of gray matter loss in the frontal cortex during adolescence is considered a hormone-dependent process”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Giedd et al., 1999 source
• Not checked yetcites Gogtay et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Peper et al, 2009 source

In the paper

“chronological age and puberty are confounded”

In the paper

“Overall, then, behavioral research is consistent with the hypothesis that changes in behaviors subserved by the “hot,” affective pathway are likely to be linked to the hormonal changes of puberty.”

In the paper

“there is little evidence in either the behavioral or neuroimaging literatures that gains in self-regulation are attributable to a hormone-dependent process.”

In the paper

“there is considerable overlap within this network between regions showing activation in response to social stimuli and regions that are differentially activated in response to variations in reward magnitude”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2008

In the paper

“recent research indicating that pubertal hormones may in fact play a role in white matter development”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Perrin et al., 2008, 2009

In the paper

“Developmental changes in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, in particular, appear to coincide with shifts in reward-related behavior”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Spear, 2009

In the paper

“excitatory dopamine input to the PFC shows adolescent peaks in both rodent (Spear, 2009) and non-human primate populations (Rosenberg & Lewis, 1995).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Spear, 2009
• Not checked yetcites Rosenberg & Lewis, 1995 source

In the paper

“a recent review of research on developmental changes in reward sensitivity, as indexed by activation of ventral areas in response to rewarding stimuli, concluded that there is considerable support for the notion that reward sensitivity is higher in adolescence than before or after”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Galvan, 2010

In the paper

“controlling for chronological age changes the research question into one about pubertal timing, rather than pubertal status”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 1987 source

In the paper

“there is accumulating evidence that the timing of puberty itself is influenced by social experience.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ellis, 2000 source

In the paper

“During adolescence there are hormonally-driven organizational and activational changes in the brain”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schulz, Molenda-Figueira, & Sisk, 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Sisk & Zehr, 2005 source

In the paper

“In adolescents, striatal response to reward is also magnitude dependent, wherein activation increases as the magnitude of the reward increases”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Galvan et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“adolescents recruit the cognitive control network – especially the lateral PFC – less efficiently than do adults”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Adleman et al., 2002 source
• Not checked yetcites Bunge, et al., 2002 source
• Not checked yetcites Casey et al., 1997 source

In the paper

“during risky decision-making tasks, adolescents show increases in striatal activation during receipt of reward compared to children and adults, suggesting sensitivity to feedback”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ernst et al., 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Van Leijenhorst, Moor et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Van Leijenhorst, Zanolie et al., 2010

In the paper

“Op de Macks found that testosterone levels were positively associated with striatal activation to receipt of reward among both male and female adolescents”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Op de Macks and colleagues (2011)

In the paper

“Several studies have shown, for example, that puberty is accelerated in family contexts characterized by parent-adolescent conflict and or father absence (for a review, see Ellis, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ellis, 2000 source