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Cited by 78Memory Processes and InfluencesPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

Dissociation and memory fragmentation: experimental effects on meta-memory but not on actual memory performance

Kindt, Merel, van den Hout, Marcel·2003·Behaviour Research and Therapy
DOI 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00135-8
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Abstract

The relation between state dissociation and fragmentary memory was investigated by assessing both actual memory performance and meta-memory. From a sample of 330 normal subjects, two subsamples were selected on basis of trait dissociation, as measured by the Dissociative Experience Scale. Twenty subjects scoring above 30 and 20 subjects scoring below 10 were selected. Subjects watched an extremely aversive film, after which state dissociation was measured by the Peri-traumatic Dissociative Experience Scale. Four hours later memory fragmentation was assessed in two ways. Actual fragmentation was measured by a sequential memory task, and perceived fragmentation (meta-memory) was measured using a visual analogue scale. Subjects who tended to dissociate during the film judged their recollections of the film as more fragmentary. Although this finding is in line with clinical reports given by trauma victims, it was not sustained by objective evidence. That is, no effect was observed of state dissociation on the sequential memory task. The present findings suggest that the claim that dissociation induces memory fragmentation may have to be confined to meta-memory. Implications of this divergence between actual memory and meta-memory are discussed.

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  • Analogue studies support a link between higher peritraumatic dissociation and greater fragmentation when fragmentation is measured as loosely related elements with a one-item index.

    “Taken together, these studies support the notion that higher peritraumatic dissociation is related to higher fragmentation, when assessed as loosely related elements in the memory, using a one-item index.”

    From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Kindt & van den Hout, 2003

  • Kindt et al.'s two replications found that higher peritraumatic dissociation during the film was related to greater fragmentation immediately and one week later.

    “In two replication studies (Kindt et al., 2005, Study 1, N = 50; Study 2, N = 50) with the same film used by Kindt and van den Hout (2003), individuals reporting higher peritraumatic dissociation during the film also reported higher fragmentation of their memory perception of the film immediately after (Study 1) and also one-week later (Study 2).”

    From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Kindt and van den Hout, 2003

  • Analogue designs suggest that greater peritraumatic dissociation relates to greater meta-memory fragmentation, though these studies are limited by single-item measures.

    “Similar to the above analogue studies (Kindt & van den Hout, 2003; Kindt et al., 2005), this study is limited by the same single-item measure and again suggests that when assessed with analogue designs that greater peritraumatic dissociation is related to greater meta-memory fragmentation.”

    From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Kindt & van den Hout, 2003

  • Kindt and van den Hout found that higher peritraumatic dissociation during a film was moderately related to higher fragmentation quality of the film memory.

    “In the first study (n = 40), participants who reported higher peritraumatic dissociation, using the PDEQ, during the film also tended to report, at a moderate level, a higher fragmentation quality to their film memory (Kindt & van den Hout, 2003).”

    From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Kindt & van den Hout, 2003

  • In analogue studies, peritraumatic dissociation was not significantly related to sequential memory performance or subjectively coded fragmentation.

    “Thus, in analogue studies, peritraumatic dissociation was not significantly related to sequential memory performance (Kindt & van den Hout, 2003) or subjectively coded fragmentation (Buck et al., 2006b; Kindt et al., 2005).”

    From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Kindt & van den Hout, 2003

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Authors
Kindt, M., & van den Hout, M.
Affiliations
Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author
Kindt, Merel
ORCID
Kindt, Merel
Venue
Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-02
Volume
41
Issue
2
Pages
167-178
ISSN
0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00135-8
OpenAlex
W2043371603
Cited by
77
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
FWCI
2.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords
state dissociation, metamemory, memory fragmentation, dissociative experiences, trauma, Dissociative Experiences Scale, memory performance
MeSH terms
Adult, Dissociative Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Memory Disorders, Motion Pictures, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Stress, Psychological

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