Memory and metamemory: a study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients
Abstract
Accuracy of the feeling of knowing was tested in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, patients prescribed electroconvulsive therapy, four other cases of amnesia, and control subjects. In Experiment 1, we tested feeling-of-knowing accuracy for the answers to general information questions that could not be recalled. Subjects were asked to rank nonrecalled questions in terms of how likely they thought they would be able to recognize the answers and were then given a recognition test for these items. Only patients with Korsakoff's syndrome were impaired in making feeling-of-knowing predictions. The other amnesic patients were as accurate as control subjects in their feeling-of-knowing predictions. In Experiment 2, we replicated these findings in a sentence memory paradigm that tested newly learned information. The results showed that impaired metamemory is not an obligatory feature of amnesia, because amnesia can occur without detectable metamemory deficits. The impaired metamemory exhibited by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome reflects a cognitive impairment that is not typically observed in other forms of amnesia.
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Possible anatomical substrates of metacognition have been investigated for several cognitive domains (exteroceptive perceptual performance, memory) but not for interoception or homeostasis/allostasis.
“Turning to the neuroanatomy of metacognition, possible anatomical substrates have been investigated for several cognitive domains, in particular (extero)perceptual performance or memory (Shimamura and Squire, 1986; Schnyer et al., 2004; Fleming et al., 2010, 2012, 2014; McCurdy et al., 2013), but not, to our knowledge, for interoception or homeostasis/allostasis.”
From Allostatic Self-efficacy: A Metacognitive Theory of Dyshomeostasis-Induced Fatigue and Depression (2016) · cites this paper as Shimamura and Squire, 1986
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- Authors
- Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R.
- Affiliations
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- ORCID
- Squire, Larry R.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 1986-07
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 452-460
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- OpenAlex
- W2047386732
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH08992, MH24600)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- feeling of knowing, metamemory, amnesia, Korsakoff syndrome, electroconvulsive therapy, recognition memory, memory confidence, sentence memory, general knowledge questions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Amnestic Disorder, Alcoholism, Amnesia, Awareness, Cognition, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Mental Recall
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