The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate
Open accessAbstract
Objective To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful. Design Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC. Setting Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto. Patient(s) Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Intervention(s) The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses. Main outcome measure(s) Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates. Result(s) With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Conclusion(s) Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility. Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In ovulatory patients, the serum E 2 level was 719 pmol/L in letrozole treatment cycles versus 3,003 pmol/L in CC treatment cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The mean number of follicles measuring Ͼ1.5 cm on the day of hCG administration was 2.3 (range, 1-4).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS, the mean serum E 2 concentration was 962 pmol/L in letrozole treatment cycles, versus 1,638 pmol/L in CC treatment cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Mean endometrial thicknesses on the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS and ovulatory patients was 0.81 and 0.89 cm with letrozole, compared with 0.62 and 0.52 cm in CC treatment cycles, respectively.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No pregnancy was achieved in any of the ovulatory cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Pregnancy was achieved in 3 cycles (25%), 2 of which were singleton clinical pregnancies and 1 of which was a chemical pregnancy.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean endometrial thicknesses on the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS and ovulatory patients was 0.81 and 0.89 cm with letrozole, compared with 0.62 and 0.52 cm in CC treatment cycles, respectively.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“A singleton clinical pregnancy (10%) resulted from timed intrauterine insemination in one couple with unexplained infertility who developed 2 follicles of Ͼ1.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The mean number of follicles measuring Ͼ1.5 cm on the day of hCG administration was 2.5 follicles (range, 1-5).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ovulation occurred in 8 cycles (44.4%) with an endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy. · plain
“With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy. · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time of writing, the three clinical pregnancies had resulted in a normal live birth and two ongoing singleton pregnancies.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the endometrial thickness was Յ0.5 cm in all cycles, and no pregnancy was achieved.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with CC, letrozole produced a significantly thicker endometrium on the day of hCG administration despite the significantly lower E 2 levels in both patients with PCOS and the ovulatory patients.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aromatase inhibitors have potential as alternatives to, or even replacements for, CC as a first-line treatment for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for augmentation of ovulation in ovulatory infertility patients.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgedconditionaln = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent data support a stimulatory role for androgens in early follicular growth in primates, in contrast to the inhibitory effect observed in rodents (21).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Weil, 1998, Androgen receptor gene expression in the primate ovary, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Kettel, 1993, Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian response to clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These aromatase inhibitors have a relatively short half-life compared with CC and therefore would be eliminated from the body rapidly (14,15).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Lipton, 1995, Letrozole (CGS 20267), Cancer source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Iveson, 1993, Phase I study of the oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, Cancer Res source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Continuous administration of letrozole up to 5 mg/d produced marked suppression of E 2 , estrone, and estrone sulfate, with very few side effects (14,15).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Lipton, 1995, Letrozole (CGS 20267), Cancer source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Iveson, 1993, Phase I study of the oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, Cancer Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, androgen accumulation in the follicle may stimulate insulin-like growth factor, along with other endocrine and paracrine factors, which may synergize with FSH to promote folliculogenesis (25)(26)(27).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (25)(26)(27)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The absolute systemic bioavailability of letrozole after oral administration was 100% compared with the same dose given IV (19).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Sioufi, 1997, Absolute bioavailability of letrozole in healthy post-menopausal women, Biopharm Drug Dispos source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Testosterone was found to augment follicular FSH receptor expression in primates, which suggests that androgens promote follicular growth and estrogen biosynthesis indirectly by amplifying FSH effects (22)(23)(24).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (22)(23)(24)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some investigators have proposed combined CC and low-dose glucocorticoid therapy for the treatment of CCresistant anovulation (28 -31).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Lobo, 1982, Clomiphene and dexamethasone in women unresponsive to clomiphene alone, Obstet Gynecol
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Singh, 1992, Clomiphene-dexamethasone treatment of clomiphene resistant women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome, J Reprod Med
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Daly, 1984, A randomized study of dexamethasone in ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate, Fertil Steril source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Diamant, 1980, Induction of ovulation by combined clomiphene citrate and dexamethasone treatment in clomiphene citrate nonresponders, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (3)(4)(5)(6)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the results of this preliminary study suggest that the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is an orally effective, inexpensive method for stimulating follicular development.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgeddirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The subsequent increase in gonadotropin secretion could stimulate ovarian follicle development, as reported previously in the Bonnet monkey (20).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Shetty, 1997, Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 2-month washout period before the letrozole cycles was used to eliminate any posttreatment effect of CC.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
plaindirectn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Endometrial thickness was assessed as we have described previously (9) and as performed routinely in our clinic for the last 10 years.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Gonen, 1990, Sonographic determination of an adverse effect of clomiphene citrate on endometrial growth, Hum Reprod source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other investigators have described the use of extended duration and higher doses of CC (32)(33)(34)(35).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (32)(33)(34)(35)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identical criteria were used for administration of hCG in both the CC-and letrozole-treated cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.
“However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Letrozole is a specific, reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis.
“Letrozole (4,4Ј-[1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-ylmethylene]-bis-benzonitrile) is a specific, reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The disposition of letrozole in healthy postmenopausal women is characterized by steady-state plasma concentrations in 4-8 hours and a half-life of approximately 45 hours.
“The disposition of letrozole in healthy postmenopausal women is characterized by steady-state plasma concentrations in 4 -8 hours and a half-life of approximately 45 hours.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CC is the most commonly prescribed medication for ovulation induction.
“CC is the most commonly prescribed medication for ovulation induction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women with ovulatory disorders who are resistant to standard doses of CC generally become candidates for gonadotropin therapy.
“Women with ovulatory disorders who are resistant to standard doses of CC generally become candidates for gonadotropin therapy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Severe OHSS and the high risk of multiple pregnancy are major disadvantages of gonadotropin treatment, especially in young women with PCOS.
“However, severe OHSS and the high risk of multiple pregnancy are major disadvantages of gonadotropin treatment, especially in young women with PCOS.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Aromatase inhibitors were proposed as ovulation-inducing agents in 2001. 236”
From Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline (2011) · cites this paper as [236]
In the citing paper
“Ovulation induction with letrozole is associated with an ovulation rate of 70%-84% and a pregnancy rate of 20%-27% per cycle.”
From A new era in ovulation induction (2006) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“In a small study (50), 12 PCOS patients with inadequate response to CC were treated with letrozole.Of 12 patients, 9 (75%) ovulated, and 3 conceived; the mean endometrial thickness was 8.1 mm (6.2 mm with CC).”
From A new era in ovulation induction (2006) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Recently, it was suggested that letrozole, a specific reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis (16), can successfully replace clomiphene citrate in superovulation treatment of patients with unexplained infertility or polycystic ovarian disease and in poor responders (17,18).”
From Effects of letrozole on superovulation with gonadotropins in women undergoing intrauterine insemination (2003) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Two doses regimens have been tested (2.5 mg and 5 mg) with similar response (8,9).”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Mitwally and Casper (8) used letrozole (2.5 mg daily for 5 days) in 12 women with inadequate response to CC. Ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles and 3 patients conceived.”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The ideal dose of letrozole for superovulation or ovulation induction is still unknown.”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Compared with CC, letrozole is associated with a thicker endometrium (8).”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In a selected population of women with a thin endometrium (mean, 5 mm) after clomiphene treatment, letrozole treatment in the early follicular phase resulted in a significant increase in midcycle endometrial thickness (mean, 9 mm) (21).”
From A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women (2002) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
“Ovulation occurred in 8 cycles (44.4%) with an endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > DISCUSSION
“Endometrial thickness (cm) on day of hCG 0.81 Ϯ 0.14 0.62 Ϯ 0.25 Ͻ.01 0.7-1.1 0.3-1.20.8 0.6”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
“However, the endometrial thickness was Յ0.5 cm in all cycles, and no pregnancy was achieved.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
“Endometrial thickness (cm) on day of hCG 0.89 Ϯ 0.12 0.5 Ϯ 0.1 Ͻ.001 0.7-1.1 0.3-0.6 0.9 0.5”
Citations
Cites
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Androgens stimulate early stages of follicular growth in the primate ovary
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Androgen and follicle stimulating hormone interactions in primate ovarian follicle development
Weil, S., Vendola, K., Zhou, J., & Bondy, C. A. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.8.5929 · Cited by 592
Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Ovarian Follicular Development*
Giudice, L. C. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-13-4-641 · Cited by 521
Weil, S. J., Vendola, K., Zhou, J., Adesanya, O. O., Wang, J., Okafor, J., & Bondy, C. A. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.7.4917 · Cited by 359
Vendola, K., Zhou, J., Wang, J., Famuyiwa, O. A., Bievre, M., & Bondy, C. A. (1999) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod61.2.353 · Cited by 324
Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates
Shetty, G., Krishnamurthy, H., Krishnamurthy, H. N., Bhatnagar, A. S., & Moudgal, R. N. (1997) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(97)80008-8 · Cited by 306
Dunaif, A., Heindel, J. J., & Chang, R. (2002) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203910948 · Cited by 283
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Ghasemi-rad, M., Hajishafiha, M., Dehghan, M., Kiarang, N., اسدی, ن., & Shayegh, S. N. (2013) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s50972 · Cited by 31
Ovulation induction with tamoxifen and alternate-day gonadotrophin in patients with thin endometrium
Wang, C.-W., Horng, S., Chen, C., Wang, H., Huang, H.-Y., Lee, C., & Soong, Y. (2008) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60288-x · Cited by 31
“Whereas, Ruiz-Velasco et al. (1979) reported a higher spontaneous abortion rate in their cohort of TMX-treated patients.”
BackgroundMethodEvaluation of synthesized coumarin derivatives on aromatase inhibitory activity
Yamaguchi, Y., Nishizono, N., Kobayashi, D., Yoshimura, T., Wada, K., & Oda, K. (2017) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.062 · Cited by 33
Montville, C. P., Khabbaz, M., Aubuchon, M., Williams, D. B., & Thomas, M. A. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.088 · Cited by 30
Elsedeek, M. S.-E.-A., & Elmaghraby, H. A. H. (2011) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2010.11.004 · Cited by 29
Costello, M., Garad, R. M., Hart, R. J., Homer, H. A., Johnson, L., Jordan, C., Mocanu, E. V., Qiao, J., Rombauts, L. J. F., Teede, H. J., et al. (2019) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci7070075 · Cited by 29
Ibrahim, M. I., Moustafa, R. A., & Abdel-Azeem, A. A. (2012) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2478-0 · Cited by 29
“However, past studies showed that the mean number of mature follicles on the day of hCG administration was statistically significantly higher in letrozole group compared to CC group [22, 23].”
ResultRetractedOvulation Induction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Vause, T. D. R., Cheung, A. P., Sierra, S., Claman, P., Graham, J., Guillemin, J., Lapensée, L., Steward, S., Vause, T. D. R., & Wong, B. C.-M. (2010) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.07.001 · Cited by 28
“The use of aromatase inhibitors in ovulation induction was first introduced in 2001 [63].”
BackgroundAromatase inhibitors for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Franik, S., Kremer, J. A. M., Nelen, W. L. D. M., et al. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010287 · Cited by 30
Gülşen, S., Ulu, İ., Köpük, Ş. Y., & Kıran, G. (2018) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2018.1499085 · Cited by 29
“However, anovulation problem does not resolve in a quarter of women receiving CC [5].”
BackgroundHendawy, S. F., Samaha, H. E., & Elkholy, M. K. A. (2011) · Clinical Medicine Insights Reproductive Health · doi:10.4137/cmrh.s6598 · Cited by 29
Selim, M. F., & Borg, T. F. (2012) · Journal of Gynecologic Surgery · doi:10.1089/gyn.2012.0033 · Cited by 29
Quintero, R. B., Urban, R. R., Lathi, R. B., Westphal, L. M., & Dahan, M. H. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.166 · Cited by 30
Wu, H., Wang, N. M., Cheng, M.-L., & Hsieh, J.-N. (2007) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590601137509 · Cited by 29
“05), which conflicts with results on letrozole [14].”
ResultIs ovulation induction still a therapeutic problem in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome?
Palomba, S., Orio, F., Russo, T., Falbo, A. I., Cascella, T., Colao, A. A. L., Lombardi, G., & Zullo, F. (2004) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347527 · Cited by 29
Al‐Obaidi, M. T., Ali, Z. H., Al-Saadi, W. I., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12831 · Cited by 27
Shapira, M., Orvieto, R., Lebovitz, O., Nahum, R., Aizer, A., Segev-Zahav, A., & Haas, J. (2020) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-020-00666-z · Cited by 27
“the purpose of ovulation induction, as an alternative to clomiphene citrate [10].”
BackgroundTherapeutic strategies for ovulation induction in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Cristello, F., Cela, V., Artini, P. G., & Genazzani, A. R. (2005) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590500463360 · Cited by 27
“Some authors have proposed the use of aromatase inhibitors for inducing ovulation in PCOS women [97–99].”
BackgroundHashim, H. A. (2012) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2261-2 · Cited by 28
Body mass index–associated differences in response to ovulation induction with letrozole
McKnight, K. K., Nodler, J. L., Cooper, J. J., et al. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.08.002 · Cited by 27
Jovanovic, V. P., Kort, D. H., Guarnaccia, M. M., Sauer, M. V., & Løbo, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-011-9643-4 · Cited by 27
Treatment Strategies for the Infertile Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patient
Tannus, S., Burke, Y. Z., & Kol, S. (2015) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.15.40 · Cited by 31
Evolution of External and Internal Implant to Abutment Connection
Prithviraj, D., & Muley, N. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1079 · Cited by 27
Prajapati, D., Nayak, R., Pai, D., Upadhya, N., Bhaskar, V., & Kamath, P. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1445 · Cited by 27
Yu, Q., Hu, S., Wang, Y., et al. (2019) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-019-0461-3 · Cited by 27
Mitchnick, K. A., Mendell, A. L., Wideman, C. E., Jardine, K. H., Creighton, S. D., Muller, A.-M., Choleris, E., MacLusky, N. J., & Winters, B. D. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.005 · Cited by 29
Management of female infertility from hormonal causes
Luciano, A. A., Lanzone, A., & Goverde, A. J. (2013) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.09.007 · Cited by 33
“Aromatase inhibitors have been used for OI since 2001 in women with PCOS [37].”
MethodRashdan, H. R. M., & Shehadi, I. A. (2022) · Heteroatom Chemistry · doi:10.1155/2022/5349279 · Cited by 28
Li, Y., Kuang, H., Shen, W., Ma, H., Zhang, Y., Stener‐Victorin, E., Hung, E., Ng, E. H. Y., Liu, J., Kuang, H., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003934 · Cited by 26
Oral agents for ovulation induction – clomiphene citrate versus aromatase inhibitors
Homburg, R. (2008) · Human Fertility · doi:10.1080/14647270701689670 · Cited by 26
El-Khayat, W. M., Moety, G. A. F. A., Almohamady, M., & Hamed, D. (2015) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.063 · Cited by 25
“Mitwally and Casper [3] noted that women with an endometrial thickness of 5 mm following clomifene citrate responded well to 2.”
BackgroundInfluentialPoulsen, L. L. C., Warzecha, A. K., Bülow, N. S., Bungum, L. J., Macklon, N. S., Andersen, C. Y., & Skouby, S. O. (2022) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deac119 · Cited by 25
Suma, N. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1440 · Cited by 25
A bovine model for examining the effects of an aromatase inhibitor on ovarian function in women
Yapura, J., Mapletoft, R. J., Pierson, R. A., Singh, J. K., Naile, J. E., Giesy, J. P., & Adams, G. P. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.038 · Cited by 25
Clinical use of aromatase inhibitors (AI) in premenopausal women
de Ziegler, D., Mattenberger, C., Luyet, C., Romoscanu, I., Irion, N. F., & Bianchi-Demicheli, F. (2005) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.023 · Cited by 24
RetractedWessel, J. A., Danhof, N. A., van EEKELEN, R., Diamond, M. P., Legro, R. S., Peeraer, K., D’Hooghe, T., Erdem, M., Dankert, T., Cohlen, B. J., et al. (2022) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmac021 · Cited by 27
“Agents which increase FSH serum levels include exogenous gonadotrophins, letrozole or clomiphene citrate (CC).”
BackgroundInfluentialZeng, M., Zhou, X., & Duan, J. L. (2021) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2020.1867976 · Cited by 24
“However, HMG may stimulate multiple follicle growth and increase the chance of OHSS, thus increasing the cycle cancelation rate [12].”
Background(2016) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000001484 · Cited by 24
Badawy, A., & Gibreal, A. (2011) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.07.015 · Cited by 24
RetractedOvarian function, reproduction and strategies for fertility preservation after breast cancer
Tomao, F., Spinelli, G. P., Panici, P. B., et al. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.12.005 · Cited by 24
Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy in Peri- and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer
Ryan, P. D., & Goss, P. E. (2006) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-7-718 · Cited by 24
Begum, M. R., Quadir, E., Begum, A., Begum, R. A., & Begum, M. (2006) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2006.00434.x · Cited by 23
“They showed 75% and 100% ovulation, respectively, when they used 2.5 mg letrozole/day in anovulatory and ovulatory patients by CC.11,22,23 In our series the ovulation rate was 100% with 2.5 mg and 88.46% with 5 mg. Patients who were not responsive at all to 150 mg CC per day did not develop mature follicles even with…”
BackgroundInfluentialSipe, C. S., Davis, W. A., Maifeld, M., & Voorhis, B. J. V. (2006) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.048 · Cited by 24
Challenges and Considerations in Optimizing Ovarian Stimulation Protocols in Oncofertility Patients
Coyne, K. D., Purdy, M. P., Oâ€TMLeary, K., Yaklic, J. L., Lindheim, S. R., & Appiah, L. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00246 · Cited by 23
“In the CNS, AIs work similarly to estrogen inhibitors by blocking the negative feedback of estrogen on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, resulting in FSH release from the pituitary and increased follicular growth (47).”
BackgroundTredway, D. R., Schertz, J. C., Bock, D., Hemsey, G., & Diamond, M. P. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.12.064 · Cited by 23
Samani, F. G., Farzadi, L., Nezami, N., Tarzamni, M. K., & Soleimani, F. (2008) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-008-0888-9 · Cited by 23
“Other factors might play a role were the more strict deWnition of mature follicles in comparison to Mitwally et al. study [ 19 ], population diVerences in comparison to Badawy et al. study [31], younger patients and longer infertility duration in this”
ResultRecent advances in oncofertility care worldwide and in Japan
Takai, Y. (2018) · Reproductive Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1002/rmb2.12214 · Cited by 23
Letrozole for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
Guang, H.-J., Li, F., & Shi, J. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000013038 · Cited by 23
“7%.([27,28]) Additionally, no adverse events have been reported on fetus.”
BackgroundWang, H., & Wang, T. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 24
Defining ovarian failure in amenorrheic young breast cancer patients
Amir, E., Freedman, O. C., Allen, L., et al. (2010) · The Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2010.06.003 · Cited by 22
Malloch, L., & Rhoton-Vlasak, A. S. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.08.040 · Cited by 22
Bedaiwy, M. A., Shokry, M., Mousa, N. A., Claessens, A., Esfandiari, N., Gotleib, L., & Casper, R. F. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.020 · Cited by 22
Self-citationPhysiology and Pathology of the Female Reproductive Axis
Bulun, S. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-29738-7.00017-4 · Cited by 22
de Ziegler, D. (2003) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deg310 · Cited by 22
Molecular Mechanism of Resveratrol and Its Therapeutic Potential on Female Infertility
Podgrajšek, R., Frangež, H. B., & Štimpfel, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073613 · Cited by 22
“In infertility management, aromatase inhibition has been observed to be e ff ective for the induction of ovulation (ovarian stimulation) in PCOS women with ovulatory problems [111,112].”
BackgroundAromatase inhibitor letrozole: a novel treatment for ectopic pregnancy
Mitwally, M. F., Hozayen, W. G., Hassanin, K. M. A., et al. (2020) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.001 · Cited by 21
Self-citationOvulation induction techniques in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Vyrides, A., Mahdi, E. E., & Giannakou, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.982230 · Cited by 27
“Initially it was only indicated for postmenopausal women with breast cancer, but a proof-ofconcept study successfully demonstrated letrozole as an effective method for OI in clomiphene resistant women, mainly targeting patients with PCOS and ovulatory infertility (95).”
BackgroundOocyte Cryostorage to Preserve Fertility in Oncological Patients
Revelli, A., Molinari, E. S., Salvagno, F., et al. (2012) · Obstetrics and Gynecology International · doi:10.1155/2012/525896 · Cited by 21
“Compared to other mammalian cells, human mature oocytes are constituted by a very high amount of water and have a small surface-to-volume ratio, which strongly affects cells dehydration that is essential for survival after thawing.”
BackgroundRole of androgens in the treatment of patients with low ovarian response
Feigenberg, T., Simon, A., Ben‐Meir, A., Gielchinsky, Y., & Laufer, N. (2009) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.09.012 · Cited by 21
Evaluation and Treatment of Anovulatory and Unexplained Infertility
Propst, A. M., & Bates, G. W. (2012) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2012.09.008 · Cited by 21
Sharief, M., & Nafee, N. R. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Medical Approaches to Ovarian Stimulation for Infertility
and, N. S. M., & Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4907-4.00028-0 · Cited by 21
Letrozole as primary therapy for endometrial hyperplasia in young women
Li, H., Chen, X., & Qiao, J. (2007) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.06.041 · Cited by 20
Current trends in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with desire for children
Checa, M. Á. (2009) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s3779 · Cited by 20
Davar, R., Javedani, M., & Fallahzadeh, M. H. (2011) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20
Evidence-Based Management of Infertility in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Bergh, C., Moore, M., & Gundell, C. (2015) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2015.10.001 · Cited by 22
“However, clinicians in reproductive endocrinology settings have been prescribing aromatase inhibitors off-label for more than a decade, and studies are encouraging regarding their effectiveness (He & Jiang, 2011; Mitwally & Casper, 2001).”
BackgroundDas, D., Samir, P. V., Verma, R. K., & Singh, N. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1448 · Cited by 21
Chen, D., Shen, X., Fu, Y., Ding, C., Zhong, Y., & Zhou, C. (2020) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1202-2059 · Cited by 20
Emerging treatment of endometriosis
Elnashar, A. M. (2015) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2014.12.002 · Cited by 22
Aromatase Inhibitors for Ovulation and Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Eckmann, K. R., & Kockler, D. R. (2009) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1m096 · Cited by 20
Ghahiri, A., Mogharehabed, N., & Mamourian, M. (2016) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/2277-9175.175237 · Cited by 20
“In another trial, Mitwally and Casper[6] had ovulatory rate of 75%, Al- Omari et al.[7] had an ovulatory rate of 87.5%, whereas Elnashar et al.[8] reported an ovulation rate of 54.6%.”
BackgroundInfluentialPanda, S. R., Sharmila, V., Kalidoss, V. K., & Hota, S. (2022) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.14476 · Cited by 19
Ezoe, K., Fukuda, J., Takeshima, K., Shinohara, K., & Kato, K. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05174-0 · Cited by 19
“Therefore, letrozole is considered effective for ovulation induction and increased follicle recruitment in cases of ovulatory infertility [3].”
BackgroundThe use of aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction
Klement, A. H., & Casper, R. F. (2015) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000163 · Cited by 19
“Despite this long history of use in reproductive medicine, clomiphene citrate is associated with a substantial number of side effects and limitations that led to the search for an alternative therapy [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAnatomical Considerations in Implant Selection and Positioning
Shetty, M., Prasad, K., & Mehra, D. (2013) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1088 · Cited by 19
Hofe, J. V., & Bates, G. W. (2014) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.007 · Cited by 22
Use of clomiphene citrate in women
The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)01184-1 · Cited by 19
Elassar, A. A., Engmann, L., NULSEN, J. C., & Benadiva, C. A. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.103 · Cited by 19
Addressing the Growing Problem of Multiple Gestations Created by Assisted Reproductive Therapies
Nakhuda, G. S., & Sauer, M. V. (2005) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2005.08.003 · Cited by 19
Khazaei, M., Montaseri, A., & Casper, R. F. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.090 · Cited by 18
Self-citationNeto, E. D. P. G., Savaris, R. F., Corleta, H. V. E., de Moraes, G. S., Cristovam, R. D. A., & Lessey, B. A. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.06.067 · Cited by 18
“A sample size of 40 women per arm was calculated for this superiority trial, considering an alpha and beta error of 0.05 and 0.2, respectively, to find an absolute difference of 30% in the ovulation rate between groups, based on a previous study published by Mitwally and Casper (18) where the ovulation rate with CC wa…”
MethodInfluentialLiu, W., Dong, S., Li, Y., Shi, L., Zhou, W., Liu, Y., Liu, J., & Ji, Y. (2015) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2690 · Cited by 19
“Mitwally and Casper (8,9) introduced LE to the ovulation induction field; since then, numerous investigations into LE-induced ovulation have been performed (10-12).”
Aromatase inhibitors: A new approach for controlling ovarian function in cattle
Yapura, J., Zwiefelhofer, E. M., Pierson, R. A., & Adams, G. P. (2017) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.08.025 · Cited by 20
Foda, A. A., & Aal, I. A. A. (2012) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2012.06.002 · Cited by 18
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Dental Implants: A Case for Immediate Loading
Marya, K., Dua, J., Chawla, S., Sonoo, P. R., Aggarwal, A., & Singh, V. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1043 · Cited by 18
Parsanezhad, M. E., Alborzi, S., & Jahromi, B. N. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 18
Deficiency of Gpr1 improves steroid hormone abnormality in hyperandrogenized mice
Yang, Y., Sun, L.-F., Yu, Y., Xiao, T., Wang, B.-B., Ren, P., Tang, H., & Zhang, J. V. (2018) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-018-0363-9 · Cited by 17
“Since the aromatase inhibitor letrozole has already been shown to be an effective therapeutic drug for PCOS [46, 47], GPR1 may be useful as an alternative or adjunct target for PCOS therapy.”
BackgroundHussain, N. H. N., Ismail, M., Zain, M. M., Yeu, P. C., Ramli, R., & Mohammad, W. M. Z. W. (2013) · Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.4236/ojog.2013.35a2003 · Cited by 17
“The pregnancy rate observed in our study was consistent with other reported studies such as that by Mitwally [14], in which a pregnancy rate of 25% was observed for PCOS patients treated with 2.”
ResultHargis, J. B., & Nakajima, S. T. (2006) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.1080/07357900500524538 · Cited by 17
D’Amato, G., Caringella, A. M., Stanziano, A., Cantatore, C., Palini, S., & Caroppo, E. (2018) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-018-0405-3 · Cited by 17
“Letrozole has been also utilized in ovulation induction cycles in clomiphene-resistant women with PCOS, without impacting the endometrial thickness despite the reduced total and per follicle estrogen levels on the day of hCG administration [6]; when compared to clomiphene citrate, it improves pregnancy and live birth…”
BackgroundOvarian Stimulation for IVF: Mild Approaches
Hamdine, O., Broekmans, F. J., & Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0659-8_14 · Cited by 16
Bülow, N. S., Warzecha, A. K., Nielsen, M. V., Andersen, C. Y., Holt, M. D., Petersen, M. R., Sopa, N., Zedeler, A., Englund, A. L. M., Pinborg, A. B., et al. (2023) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dead182 · Cited by 18
A randomized trial comparing the ovulation induction efficacy of clomiphene citrate and letrozole
Ghose, S., Gowda, M. S. S., & Angel, M. (2014) · Journal of Natural Science Biology and Medicine · doi:10.4103/0976-9668.136241 · Cited by 16
“,[4,10] who noted that women who had endometrial thickness of 5mm with clomiphene citrate responded well with 2.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBadawy, A., Allam, A., & Abulatta, M. (2008) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60148-4 · Cited by 16
RetractedEffects of a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor on ovarian function in cattle
Yapura, J., Mapletoft, R. J., Singh, J. K., Pierson, R. A., Naile, J. E., Giesy, J. P., Chang, H., Higley, E. B., Hecker, M., & Adams, G. P. (2011) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd11239 · Cited by 16
Endometriosis: associations with menopause, hormone replacement therapy and cancer
Palep-Singh, M., & Gupta, S. (2009) · Menopause international · doi:10.1258/mi.2009.009041 · Cited by 16
Parsanezhad, M. E., Alborzi, S., & Jahromi, B. N. (2002) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-002-0437-x · Cited by 16
RetractedHarira, M. M. (2018) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2018.05.008 · Cited by 15
Kotsakis, G. A., Chrepa, V., & Katta, S. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1051 · Cited by 15
Luteal-phase Ovarian Stimulation Case Report: Three-Year Follow-up of a Twin Birth
Kuang, Y. (2013) · Journal of Fertilization In Vitro - IVF-Worldwide Reproductive Medicine Genetics & Stem Cell Biology · doi:10.4172/2375-4508.1000106 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Mitwally, M. F. M., & Casper, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Casper, Robert F
- ORCID
- Casper, Robert F
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 305-309
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2165232862
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 14.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Keywords
- letrozole, aromatase inhibitors, ovulation induction, polycystic ovary syndrome, ovulatory infertility, anovulatory infertility, endometrial thickness, pregnancy rate, follicle recruitment
- MeSH terms
- Letrozole, Anovulation, Endometrium, Enzyme Inhibitors, Estradiol, Female, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Humans, Infertility, Female, Luteinizing Hormone, Nitriles, Ovulation Induction, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Triazoles, Aromatase Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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