The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate
Open accessAbstract
Objective To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful. Design Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC. Setting Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto. Patient(s) Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Intervention(s) The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses. Main outcome measure(s) Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates. Result(s) With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Conclusion(s) Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility. Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In ovulatory patients, the serum E 2 level was 719 pmol/L in letrozole treatment cycles versus 3,003 pmol/L in CC treatment cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The mean number of follicles measuring Ͼ1.5 cm on the day of hCG administration was 2.3 (range, 1-4).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS, the mean serum E 2 concentration was 962 pmol/L in letrozole treatment cycles, versus 1,638 pmol/L in CC treatment cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Mean endometrial thicknesses on the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS and ovulatory patients was 0.81 and 0.89 cm with letrozole, compared with 0.62 and 0.52 cm in CC treatment cycles, respectively.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No pregnancy was achieved in any of the ovulatory cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Pregnancy was achieved in 3 cycles (25%), 2 of which were singleton clinical pregnancies and 1 of which was a chemical pregnancy.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean endometrial thicknesses on the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS and ovulatory patients was 0.81 and 0.89 cm with letrozole, compared with 0.62 and 0.52 cm in CC treatment cycles, respectively.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“A singleton clinical pregnancy (10%) resulted from timed intrauterine insemination in one couple with unexplained infertility who developed 2 follicles of Ͼ1.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The mean number of follicles measuring Ͼ1.5 cm on the day of hCG administration was 2.5 follicles (range, 1-5).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ovulation occurred in 8 cycles (44.4%) with an endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy. · plain
“With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy. · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time of writing, the three clinical pregnancies had resulted in a normal live birth and two ongoing singleton pregnancies.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the endometrial thickness was Յ0.5 cm in all cycles, and no pregnancy was achieved.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with CC, letrozole produced a significantly thicker endometrium on the day of hCG administration despite the significantly lower E 2 levels in both patients with PCOS and the ovulatory patients.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aromatase inhibitors have potential as alternatives to, or even replacements for, CC as a first-line treatment for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for augmentation of ovulation in ovulatory infertility patients.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgedconditionaln = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent data support a stimulatory role for androgens in early follicular growth in primates, in contrast to the inhibitory effect observed in rodents (21).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Weil, 1998, Androgen receptor gene expression in the primate ovary, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Kettel, 1993, Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian response to clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These aromatase inhibitors have a relatively short half-life compared with CC and therefore would be eliminated from the body rapidly (14,15).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Lipton, 1995, Letrozole (CGS 20267), Cancer source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Iveson, 1993, Phase I study of the oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, Cancer Res source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Continuous administration of letrozole up to 5 mg/d produced marked suppression of E 2 , estrone, and estrone sulfate, with very few side effects (14,15).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Lipton, 1995, Letrozole (CGS 20267), Cancer source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Iveson, 1993, Phase I study of the oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, Cancer Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, androgen accumulation in the follicle may stimulate insulin-like growth factor, along with other endocrine and paracrine factors, which may synergize with FSH to promote folliculogenesis (25)(26)(27).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (25)(26)(27)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The absolute systemic bioavailability of letrozole after oral administration was 100% compared with the same dose given IV (19).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Sioufi, 1997, Absolute bioavailability of letrozole in healthy post-menopausal women, Biopharm Drug Dispos source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Testosterone was found to augment follicular FSH receptor expression in primates, which suggests that androgens promote follicular growth and estrogen biosynthesis indirectly by amplifying FSH effects (22)(23)(24).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (22)(23)(24)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some investigators have proposed combined CC and low-dose glucocorticoid therapy for the treatment of CCresistant anovulation (28 -31).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Lobo, 1982, Clomiphene and dexamethasone in women unresponsive to clomiphene alone, Obstet Gynecol
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Singh, 1992, Clomiphene-dexamethasone treatment of clomiphene resistant women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome, J Reprod Med
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Daly, 1984, A randomized study of dexamethasone in ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate, Fertil Steril source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Diamant, 1980, Induction of ovulation by combined clomiphene citrate and dexamethasone treatment in clomiphene citrate nonresponders, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (3)(4)(5)(6)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the results of this preliminary study suggest that the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is an orally effective, inexpensive method for stimulating follicular development.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgeddirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The subsequent increase in gonadotropin secretion could stimulate ovarian follicle development, as reported previously in the Bonnet monkey (20).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Shetty, 1997, Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 2-month washout period before the letrozole cycles was used to eliminate any posttreatment effect of CC.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
plaindirectn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Endometrial thickness was assessed as we have described previously (9) and as performed routinely in our clinic for the last 10 years.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Gonen, 1990, Sonographic determination of an adverse effect of clomiphene citrate on endometrial growth, Hum Reprod source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other investigators have described the use of extended duration and higher doses of CC (32)(33)(34)(35).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (32)(33)(34)(35)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identical criteria were used for administration of hCG in both the CC-and letrozole-treated cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.
“However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Letrozole is a specific, reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis.
“Letrozole (4,4Ј-[1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-ylmethylene]-bis-benzonitrile) is a specific, reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The disposition of letrozole in healthy postmenopausal women is characterized by steady-state plasma concentrations in 4-8 hours and a half-life of approximately 45 hours.
“The disposition of letrozole in healthy postmenopausal women is characterized by steady-state plasma concentrations in 4 -8 hours and a half-life of approximately 45 hours.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CC is the most commonly prescribed medication for ovulation induction.
“CC is the most commonly prescribed medication for ovulation induction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women with ovulatory disorders who are resistant to standard doses of CC generally become candidates for gonadotropin therapy.
“Women with ovulatory disorders who are resistant to standard doses of CC generally become candidates for gonadotropin therapy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Severe OHSS and the high risk of multiple pregnancy are major disadvantages of gonadotropin treatment, especially in young women with PCOS.
“However, severe OHSS and the high risk of multiple pregnancy are major disadvantages of gonadotropin treatment, especially in young women with PCOS.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Aromatase inhibitors were proposed as ovulation-inducing agents in 2001. 236”
From Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline (2011) · cites this paper as [236]
In the citing paper
“Ovulation induction with letrozole is associated with an ovulation rate of 70%-84% and a pregnancy rate of 20%-27% per cycle.”
From A new era in ovulation induction (2006) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“In a small study (50), 12 PCOS patients with inadequate response to CC were treated with letrozole.Of 12 patients, 9 (75%) ovulated, and 3 conceived; the mean endometrial thickness was 8.1 mm (6.2 mm with CC).”
From A new era in ovulation induction (2006) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Recently, it was suggested that letrozole, a specific reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis (16), can successfully replace clomiphene citrate in superovulation treatment of patients with unexplained infertility or polycystic ovarian disease and in poor responders (17,18).”
From Effects of letrozole on superovulation with gonadotropins in women undergoing intrauterine insemination (2003) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Two doses regimens have been tested (2.5 mg and 5 mg) with similar response (8,9).”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Mitwally and Casper (8) used letrozole (2.5 mg daily for 5 days) in 12 women with inadequate response to CC. Ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles and 3 patients conceived.”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The ideal dose of letrozole for superovulation or ovulation induction is still unknown.”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Compared with CC, letrozole is associated with a thicker endometrium (8).”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In a selected population of women with a thin endometrium (mean, 5 mm) after clomiphene treatment, letrozole treatment in the early follicular phase resulted in a significant increase in midcycle endometrial thickness (mean, 9 mm) (21).”
From A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women (2002) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
“Ovulation occurred in 8 cycles (44.4%) with an endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > DISCUSSION
“Endometrial thickness (cm) on day of hCG 0.81 Ϯ 0.14 0.62 Ϯ 0.25 Ͻ.01 0.7-1.1 0.3-1.20.8 0.6”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
“However, the endometrial thickness was Յ0.5 cm in all cycles, and no pregnancy was achieved.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
“Endometrial thickness (cm) on day of hCG 0.89 Ϯ 0.12 0.5 Ϯ 0.1 Ͻ.001 0.7-1.1 0.3-0.6 0.9 0.5”
Citations
Cites
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Androgens stimulate early stages of follicular growth in the primate ovary
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Androgen and follicle stimulating hormone interactions in primate ovarian follicle development
Weil, S., Vendola, K., Zhou, J., & Bondy, C. A. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.8.5929 · Cited by 592
Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Ovarian Follicular Development*
Giudice, L. C. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-13-4-641 · Cited by 521
Weil, S. J., Vendola, K., Zhou, J., Adesanya, O. O., Wang, J., Okafor, J., & Bondy, C. A. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.7.4917 · Cited by 359
Vendola, K., Zhou, J., Wang, J., Famuyiwa, O. A., Bievre, M., & Bondy, C. A. (1999) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod61.2.353 · Cited by 324
Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates
Shetty, G., Krishnamurthy, H., Krishnamurthy, H. N., Bhatnagar, A. S., & Moudgal, R. N. (1997) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(97)80008-8 · Cited by 306
Dunaif, A., Heindel, J. J., & Chang, R. (2002) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203910948 · Cited by 283
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“in the ovarian follicles to increase the sensitivity of the growing follicles to FSH by increasing FSH receptor expression [21,22].”
BackgroundInfections Resulting from Bone Grafting Biomaterials
Singh, R., Mahesh, L., & Shukla, S. (2013) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1095 · Cited by 15
Adjuvant use of aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women with breast cancer
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“…clinical studies have strongly suggested the benefi cial use of aromatase inhibitors in infertility treatment, both as single agents or as adjuncts to ovulation induction regimes using follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in reproductive medicine (Mitwally & Casper, 2001; Mitwally & Casper, 2005).”
BackgroundNo. 362-Ovulation Induction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Smithson, D. S., Vause, T. D. R., & Cheung, A. P. (2018) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2017.12.004 · Cited by 16
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“Aromatase inhibitors Aromatase inhibitors were first proposed as ovulation-inducing drugs in anovulatory women (with an inadequate response to clomifene citrate) in 2001 [64].”
BackgroundGeneral Overview and Treatment Recommendations for Young Women with Breast Cancer
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Aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction
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“Aromatase inhibitors were first proposed as new ovulation-inducing drugs in anovulatory women with an inadequate response to clomi-phene (Mitwally & Casper, 2001; Pavone & Bulun, 2013).”
BackgroundMesial Stripping of Mandibular Deciduous Canines for Correction of Permanent Lateral Incisors
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“The treatment of premenopausal or perimenopausal women with aromatase inhibitors can have serious consequences. These can include pain from ovarian hyperstimulation induced by aromatase inhibitors,”
Zhang, W., Liu, Z., Zhang, J., Ren, B., Liu, M., Li, J., Zhang, W., & Guan, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.837731 · Cited by 11
“org 5 increase integrin avb3 expression in the endometrium during implantation (18, 30).”
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Infertility: Evaluation and Initial Management
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Implant-abutment Selection: A Literature Review
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Aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction
ElDaly, A. A., Al-Fozan, H. M., Al-Inany, H. G., Bedaiwy, M. A., & Saleh, W. F. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005635 · Cited by 11
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Anastrozole versus clomiphene citrate: which is better for ovulation induction?
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Le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK)
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Alveolar Ridge Preservation Utilizing the ‘Socket-Plug’ Technique
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“However some (15-20%) women remain anovulatory despite higher dose of Clomiphene [4,5,6].”
BackgroundInfluentialJain, A. K., Chaturvedi, R., & Pahuja, B. K. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1067 · Cited by 10
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Amenorrhea, Anovulation, and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
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Triplet pregnancy after ovulation induction with an aromatase inhibitor
Dicken, C. L., Nakhuda, G. S., Guarnaccia, M. M., et al. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.065 · Cited by 10
Luting Agent Effectiveness on Implant Crown Retention
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Diode Lasers: A Versatile Clinical Tool (A Technical and Clinical Review)
Muruppel, A. M. (2011) · International Journal of Laser Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10022-1002 · Cited by 10
Assessment of the luteal phase in stimulated and substituted cycles.
Fatemi, H. M. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 10
Topipat, C., Choktanasiri, W., Jultanmas, R., Weerakiet, S., Wongkularb, A., & Rojanasakul, A. (2008) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590801895609 · Cited by 10
“Recent studies of letrozole have been performed in specific groups of patients with unsatisfactory responses to CC [19,22].”
BackgroundLive birth associated with peak serum estradiol levels in letrozole intrauterine insemination cycles
New, E. P., Kodama, S., Devine, K., Jahandideh, S. S., Imudia, A. N., & Plosker, S. M. (2023) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.01.003 · Cited by 9
Baradwan, S., Al-Shalhoub, F., Alshahrani, M. S., Himayda, S., AlSghan, R., Sabban, H., Ahmad, I. H., Sayed, M. F. M. E., Mohamad, E. O., AlAmodi, A. A., et al. (2024) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-024-00531-4 · Cited by 11
“However, it is not successful in all cases as 20–25% of PCOS patients will not respond to CC and are considered to be “clomiphene resistant” [6, 7].”
Synchronization of ovulation in cattle with an aromatase inhibitor–based protocol
Yapura, J., Mapletoft, R. J., Pierson, R. A., et al. (2016) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.12.012 · Cited by 9
Bénard, J., Duros, S., Hachem, H. E., Sonigo, C., Sifer, C., & Grynberg, M. (2016) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon-2016-0095 · Cited by 9
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“Initiation of AI treatment prior to selection has been documented in ovulation induction, which appears to release negative feedback on FSH secretion and stimulate further growth of the extant follicular wave; however, available studies did not measure changes in FSH during treatment [19, 20, 22, 24, 35].”
Resultde Ziegler, D., Mattenberger, C., SCHWARZ, C., Ibéchéole, V., Fournet, N., & Bianchi-Demicheli, F. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1335.028 · Cited by 10
Is letrozole superior to clomiphene for ovarian stimulation prior to intrauterine insemination?
Khanna, S. C., Kumar, A., Joy, S. G., Tanwar, R., Sharma, S. B., & Prasad, S. (2012) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2579-9 · Cited by 9
“impact of clomiphene on endometrial thickness compared with AI [19, 21].”
BackgroundFree Gingival Grafting to Increase the Zone of Keratinized Tissue around Implants
Yadav, A., Yadav, P., Grover, H. S., & Nanda, P. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1046 · Cited by 9
Medial Mandibular Flexure: A Review of Concepts and Consequences
Aparna, I. N., Balakrishnan, D., Gupta, L., & Lingeshwar, D. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1038 · Cited by 9
Legro, R. S. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012444562-8/50030-6 · Cited by 9
Dental Implant Surfaces: An Overview
Koshy, E., & Philip, S. R. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Implant Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10004-1028 · Cited by 9
Jiang, L., Huang, J., Xie, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-025-03500-x · Cited by 8
Role of Mini-implants in Orthodontics
Nayak, U. K., & Malviya, N. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1048 · Cited by 8
Multi-omics insights and therapeutic implications in polycystic ovary syndrome: a review
Babu, A., & Ramanathan, G. (2023) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s10142-023-01053-9 · Cited by 10
A Minimally Invasive Sinus Augmentation Technique using a Novel Bone Graft Delivery System
Mazor, Z., Ioannou, A. L., Venkataraman, N., & Kotsakis, G. A. (2013) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1097 · Cited by 7
Evaluation of Active Tactile Perception of Single Tooth Implant Prosthesis
Babu, C. S., Reveredo, A. M., Priya, K., Pandurangappa, R., & Jnanadev, K. (2013) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1085 · Cited by 8
Clomiphene Citrate versus Letrozole for Ovarian Stimulation in Therapeutic Donor Sperm Insemination
Hachem, H. E., Antaki, R., Sylvestre, C. V., Kadoch, I.-J., Lapensée, L., & Bouet, P. (2016) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000452665 · Cited by 8
Griesinger, G., von Otte, S., Schultze-Mosgau, A., Diedrich, K., & Schröer, A. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.091 · Cited by 8
Clomiphene citrate utilization in the Netherlands 1998-2007
Wang, H., Land, J. A., Bos, H. J., Bakker, M. K., & den Berg, L. T. W. D. J. (2011) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/der029 · Cited by 8
“Letrozole is now used as an alternative of CC for WHO II anovulation since it was tested successfully as an ovulation-inducing agent (Mitwally and Casper, 2001; Fatemi et al., 2003).”
MethodAzargoon, A., Toussy, J. A., & Darbanan, F. F. (2012) · PubMed Central · Cited by 9
Syndrome des ovaires polymicrokystiques
Robin, G., Proust-Richard, C., Jonard-Catteau, S., & Dewailly, D. (2007) · EMC - Endocrinologie - Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s1155-1941(07)35089-0 · Cited by 6
Full-mouth Rehabilitation with Implant-supported Fixed Prosthesis
Rajgiri, S. U., & Dayalan, M. (2016) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1157 · Cited by 9
Yun, J., Choi, Y. S., Lee, I., Won, Y. B., Lee, J. H., Seo, S. K., Cho, S., Lee, B. S., & Yun, B. H. (2018) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.10.006 · Cited by 8
Qin, F., Zhou, Y., Huan, L., & Gui, W. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000021006 · Cited by 8
Zadehmodares, S. H., Niyakan, M., Sharafy, S. A., Yazdi, M. H., & Jahed, F. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome
Gupta, S., Metterle, L., Thakkar, P., Surti, N., Chandra, A., & Agarwal, A. K. (2009) · Cited by 8
Ovulation Induction in Anovulatory Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Palomba, S., Falbo, A. I., Russo, T., & Zullo, F. (2006) · Current Drug Therapy · doi:10.2174/157488506775268498 · Cited by 8
Letrozole for the management of breast cancer
Goss, P. E., & Smith, R. E. (2002) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1586/14737140.2.3.249 · Cited by 8
Homburg, R. (2003) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.4.11.1995 · Cited by 9
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Controversies in adjuvant endocrine therapy for pre- and post-menopausal women with breast cancer
Ciccarese, M., Lorusso, V., & Laurentis, M. D. (2008) · European Journal of Cancer Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.ejcsup.2008.06.016 · Cited by 7
“In pre-menopausal women, AIs have not been shown to be effective and indeed cause negative feedback to the pituitary gland, resulting in surges of oestrogens, which may be more likely to increase breast cancer cell growth than have beneficial effect.(33,34) Moreover, their use is not indicated in patients that have ce…”
BackgroundPolycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Current Situation of Female Hormonal Disorder
Chaturvedi, V., Sharma, D., Pandey, V., Mishra, S. K., Shrivastava, S. P., Sharma, A. M., & Malviya, R. (2022) · Current Women s Health Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573404818666220208110240 · Cited by 7
Takeshima, K., Ezoe, K., Kawasaki, N., Hayashi, H., Kuroda-Kawaguchi, T., & Kato, K. (2022) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2022.03.001 · Cited by 7
“org/licenses/ have been reported (6, 7); thus, letrozole is potentially useful as a regulator of follicular development in the embryo transfer cycle.”
BackgroundJacquesson, L., Belaisch-Allart, J., & Ayel, J.-P. (2010) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(10)70032-6 · Cited by 7
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Elkhateeb, R. R., & Mahran, A. (2016) · Gynecology and Obstetrics Research - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/goroj-3-128 · Cited by 6
Ultrasound in Infertility Treatments
Klenov, V. E., & Voorhis, B. J. V. (2017) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000263 · Cited by 8
Emerging Understanding of Emotional Intelligence of Teenagers
Sekhri, P., & Sandhu, M. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1452 · Cited by 8
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Ovulation induction in women with infertility: a new indication for aromatase inhibitors
Bulun, S. E. (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.001 · Cited by 7
Yu, X., Cao, Z., Hou, W., Hu, W., & Yan, G. (2019) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2019.11.58 · Cited by 7
“Letrozole is used only for OS or in combination with injectable gonadotropin as an adjuvant (14-16).”
BackgroundSharon‐Weiner, M., Farladansky‐Gershnabel, S., Schreiber, H., et al. (2021) · Human Fertility · doi:10.1080/14647273.2021.1961313 · Cited by 6
“The success rate of ovulation induction was 78.5% (95/121), similar to the 78.6% by Mitwally and Casper (2001).”
ResultInfluentialPeri-implant Crestal Bone Preservation: Where do We Stand?
Kumar, A. T., & Kumar, B. D. (2013) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1096 · Cited by 6
Systematic review and meta-analysis of letrozole and clomiphene citrate in polycystic ovary syndrome
Akinoso-Imran, A. Q., & Adetunji, H. A. (2018) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2018.03.008 · Cited by 6
“As an alternative, aromatase inhibitors (Als) were introduced in 2001 for ovulation induction by Mitwally and Casper 2001 [13].”
BackgroundBahawi, Y. O., Radwan, E. M., Khouj, M. A., Alotaibi, R. K., Bajuwaiber, N. A., Baghlaf, L. F., AlFaraj, W. F., & Oraif, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42257 · Cited by 8
Maxillary Sinus Lift Up: An Indirect Approach for Implant Placement in Posterior Maxilla
Agnihotri, A., & Agnihotri, D. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1075 · Cited by 6
Yıldırım, G., Attar, R., Fıçıcıoğlu, C., Karateke, A., Özkan, F., Kılıç, E., Yılmaz, B., & Yeşildağlar, N. (2009) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 6
Aromatase over expression transgenic murine models for aromatase inhibitor studies
Li, X. (2009) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gap070 · Cited by 6
“The androgen/estrogen ratio has been shown to be crucial for the induction of ovulation and apoptosis of the oocytes (Kafy and Tulandi, 2007; Mitwally and Casper, 2001, 2002, 2003).”
BackgroundKim, S. W., Kim, H., Ku, S., et al. (2017) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2017.1342239 · Cited by 6
“[22] reported that letrozole is superior to clomiphene citrate for restoring ovulation (75% vs.”
BackgroundZirconia Abutments in Implant Dentistry
Aras, M. A., & Modgi, C. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1063 · Cited by 6
Letrozole for ovulation induction
Mitwally, M. F., & Casper, R. F. (2006) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/17474108.1.1.15 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Mitwally, M. F. M., & Casper, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Casper, Robert F
- ORCID
- Casper, Robert F
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 305-309
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2165232862
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 14.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Keywords
- letrozole, aromatase inhibitors, ovulation induction, polycystic ovary syndrome, ovulatory infertility, anovulatory infertility, endometrial thickness, pregnancy rate, follicle recruitment
- MeSH terms
- Letrozole, Anovulation, Endometrium, Enzyme Inhibitors, Estradiol, Female, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Humans, Infertility, Female, Luteinizing Hormone, Nitriles, Ovulation Induction, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Triazoles, Aromatase Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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