The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate
Open accessAbstract
Objective To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful. Design Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC. Setting Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto. Patient(s) Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Intervention(s) The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses. Main outcome measure(s) Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates. Result(s) With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Conclusion(s) Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility. Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In ovulatory patients, the serum E 2 level was 719 pmol/L in letrozole treatment cycles versus 3,003 pmol/L in CC treatment cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The mean number of follicles measuring Ͼ1.5 cm on the day of hCG administration was 2.3 (range, 1-4).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS, the mean serum E 2 concentration was 962 pmol/L in letrozole treatment cycles, versus 1,638 pmol/L in CC treatment cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Mean endometrial thicknesses on the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS and ovulatory patients was 0.81 and 0.89 cm with letrozole, compared with 0.62 and 0.52 cm in CC treatment cycles, respectively.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No pregnancy was achieved in any of the ovulatory cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Pregnancy was achieved in 3 cycles (25%), 2 of which were singleton clinical pregnancies and 1 of which was a chemical pregnancy.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean endometrial thicknesses on the day of hCG administration in patients with PCOS and ovulatory patients was 0.81 and 0.89 cm with letrozole, compared with 0.62 and 0.52 cm in CC treatment cycles, respectively.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“A singleton clinical pregnancy (10%) resulted from timed intrauterine insemination in one couple with unexplained infertility who developed 2 follicles of Ͼ1.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The mean number of follicles measuring Ͼ1.5 cm on the day of hCG administration was 2.5 follicles (range, 1-5).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ovulation occurred in 8 cycles (44.4%) with an endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy. · plain
“With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy. · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time of writing, the three clinical pregnancies had resulted in a normal live birth and two ongoing singleton pregnancies.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the endometrial thickness was Յ0.5 cm in all cycles, and no pregnancy was achieved.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with CC, letrozole produced a significantly thicker endometrium on the day of hCG administration despite the significantly lower E 2 levels in both patients with PCOS and the ovulatory patients.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aromatase inhibitors have potential as alternatives to, or even replacements for, CC as a first-line treatment for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for augmentation of ovulation in ovulatory infertility patients.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgedconditionaln = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent data support a stimulatory role for androgens in early follicular growth in primates, in contrast to the inhibitory effect observed in rodents (21).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Weil, 1998, Androgen receptor gene expression in the primate ovary, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Kettel, 1993, Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian response to clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These aromatase inhibitors have a relatively short half-life compared with CC and therefore would be eliminated from the body rapidly (14,15).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Lipton, 1995, Letrozole (CGS 20267), Cancer source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Iveson, 1993, Phase I study of the oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, Cancer Res source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Continuous administration of letrozole up to 5 mg/d produced marked suppression of E 2 , estrone, and estrone sulfate, with very few side effects (14,15).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Lipton, 1995, Letrozole (CGS 20267), Cancer source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Iveson, 1993, Phase I study of the oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, Cancer Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, androgen accumulation in the follicle may stimulate insulin-like growth factor, along with other endocrine and paracrine factors, which may synergize with FSH to promote folliculogenesis (25)(26)(27).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (25)(26)(27)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The absolute systemic bioavailability of letrozole after oral administration was 100% compared with the same dose given IV (19).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Sioufi, 1997, Absolute bioavailability of letrozole in healthy post-menopausal women, Biopharm Drug Dispos source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Testosterone was found to augment follicular FSH receptor expression in primates, which suggests that androgens promote follicular growth and estrogen biosynthesis indirectly by amplifying FSH effects (22)(23)(24).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (22)(23)(24)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some investigators have proposed combined CC and low-dose glucocorticoid therapy for the treatment of CCresistant anovulation (28 -31).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Lobo, 1982, Clomiphene and dexamethasone in women unresponsive to clomiphene alone, Obstet Gynecol
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Singh, 1992, Clomiphene-dexamethasone treatment of clomiphene resistant women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome, J Reprod Med
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Daly, 1984, A randomized study of dexamethasone in ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate, Fertil Steril source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Diamant, 1980, Induction of ovulation by combined clomiphene citrate and dexamethasone treatment in clomiphene citrate nonresponders, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > Abstract Objective: To use aromatase inhibition for induction of ovulation in women in whom clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment was unsuccessful.Design: Prospective trial in infertility patients treated with CC.Setting: Two tertiary-referral infertility clinics associated with the Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto.Patient(s): Twelve patients with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, all of whom had previously received CC with an inadequate outcome (no ovulation and/or endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm).Intervention(s): The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was given orally in a dose of 2.5 mg on days 3-7 after menses.Main Outcome Measure(s): Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates.Result(s): With CC treatment in patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 8 of 18 cycles (44.4%), and all ovulatory cycles for the women included in this study had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.In 10 ovulatory patients, 15 CC cycles resulted in a mean number of 2.5 mature follicles, but all cycles had endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm on the day of hCG administration.With letrozole treatment in the same patients with PCOS, ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles (75%) and pregnancy was achieved in 3 patients (25%).In the 10 patients with ovulatory infertility, letrozole treatment resulted in a mean number of 2.3 mature follicles and mean endometrial thickness of 0.8 cm.Pregnancy was achieved in 1 patient (10%).Conclusion(s): Oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility.Letrozole appears to avoid the unfavorable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with antiestrogen use for ovulation induction.(Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-9.©2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) In women with World Health Organization type II anovulatory infertility, the treatment of first choice for the induction of ovulation is an antiestrogen, most commonly clomiphene citrate (CC) (1,2).However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.In addition, clinical data have revealed a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates during CC treatment and a higher than expected incidence of miscarriage in conception cycles (3)(4)(5)(6).These observations have been attributed to the antiestrogenic mechanism of action of CC, which involves long-lasting estrogen receptor (ER) depletion.It also appears that CC accumulates in the body because of its long half-life (7).As a result, CC may have a negative effect on the quality and quantity of cervical mucus (8), on endometrial development (9), and on other as yet undetermined fertility factors (10,11). After failure of CC, gonadotropin preparations such as hMG or pure FSH have been used as a second-line treatment for ovulation induction.In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), because of the high sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropin stimulation, treatment with hMG or pure FSH is difficult to control and characteristically induces several ovulatory follicles, leading to the risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (12).Therefore, a simple oral treatment that could be used without risk of hyperstimulation and with minimal monitoring would be the preferred therapy.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (3)(4)(5)(6)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the results of this preliminary study suggest that the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is an orally effective, inexpensive method for stimulating follicular development.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgeddirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The subsequent increase in gonadotropin secretion could stimulate ovarian follicle development, as reported previously in the Bonnet monkey (20).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Shetty, 1997, Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 2-month washout period before the letrozole cycles was used to eliminate any posttreatment effect of CC.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
plaindirectn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Endometrial thickness was assessed as we have described previously (9) and as performed routinely in our clinic for the last 10 years.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Gonen, 1990, Sonographic determination of an adverse effect of clomiphene citrate on endometrial growth, Hum Reprod source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other investigators have described the use of extended duration and higher doses of CC (32)(33)(34)(35).”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (32)(33)(34)(35)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identical criteria were used for administration of hCG in both the CC-and letrozole-treated cycles.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > MATERIALS AND METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.
“However, 20%-25% of women are resistant to CC and do not ovulate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Letrozole is a specific, reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis.
“Letrozole (4,4Ј-[1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-ylmethylene]-bis-benzonitrile) is a specific, reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The disposition of letrozole in healthy postmenopausal women is characterized by steady-state plasma concentrations in 4-8 hours and a half-life of approximately 45 hours.
“The disposition of letrozole in healthy postmenopausal women is characterized by steady-state plasma concentrations in 4 -8 hours and a half-life of approximately 45 hours.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CC is the most commonly prescribed medication for ovulation induction.
“CC is the most commonly prescribed medication for ovulation induction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women with ovulatory disorders who are resistant to standard doses of CC generally become candidates for gonadotropin therapy.
“Women with ovulatory disorders who are resistant to standard doses of CC generally become candidates for gonadotropin therapy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Severe OHSS and the high risk of multiple pregnancy are major disadvantages of gonadotropin treatment, especially in young women with PCOS.
“However, severe OHSS and the high risk of multiple pregnancy are major disadvantages of gonadotropin treatment, especially in young women with PCOS.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In a small study (50), 12 PCOS patients with inadequate response to CC were treated with letrozole.Of 12 patients, 9 (75%) ovulated, and 3 conceived; the mean endometrial thickness was 8.1 mm (6.2 mm with CC).”
From A new era in ovulation induction (2006) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Aromatase inhibitors were proposed as ovulation-inducing agents in 2001. 236”
From Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline (2011) · cites this paper as [236]
In the citing paper
“Ovulation induction with letrozole is associated with an ovulation rate of 70%-84% and a pregnancy rate of 20%-27% per cycle.”
From A new era in ovulation induction (2006) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Recently, it was suggested that letrozole, a specific reversible, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that suppresses estrogen biosynthesis (16), can successfully replace clomiphene citrate in superovulation treatment of patients with unexplained infertility or polycystic ovarian disease and in poor responders (17,18).”
From Effects of letrozole on superovulation with gonadotropins in women undergoing intrauterine insemination (2003) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Two doses regimens have been tested (2.5 mg and 5 mg) with similar response (8,9).”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Mitwally and Casper (8) used letrozole (2.5 mg daily for 5 days) in 12 women with inadequate response to CC. Ovulation occurred in 9 of 12 cycles and 3 patients conceived.”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The ideal dose of letrozole for superovulation or ovulation induction is still unknown.”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Compared with CC, letrozole is associated with a thicker endometrium (8).”
From A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In a selected population of women with a thin endometrium (mean, 5 mm) after clomiphene treatment, letrozole treatment in the early follicular phase resulted in a significant increase in midcycle endometrial thickness (mean, 9 mm) (21).”
From A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women (2002) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
“Ovulation occurred in 8 cycles (44.4%) with an endometrial thickness of Յ0.5 cm.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > DISCUSSION
“Endometrial thickness (cm) on day of hCG 0.81 Ϯ 0.14 0.62 Ϯ 0.25 Ͻ.01 0.7-1.1 0.3-1.20.8 0.6”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > RESULTS
“However, the endometrial thickness was Յ0.5 cm in all cycles, and no pregnancy was achieved.”
§ Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate > FERTILITY & STERILITY
“Endometrial thickness (cm) on day of hCG 0.89 Ϯ 0.12 0.5 Ϯ 0.1 Ͻ.001 0.7-1.1 0.3-0.6 0.9 0.5”
Citations
Cites
Franks, S. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199509283331307 · Cited by 2,463
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Androgens stimulate early stages of follicular growth in the primate ovary
Vendola, K. A., Zhou, J., Adesanya, O. O., Weil, S. J., & Bondy, C. A. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci2081 · Cited by 712
Androgen and follicle stimulating hormone interactions in primate ovarian follicle development
Weil, S., Vendola, K., Zhou, J., & Bondy, C. A. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.8.5929 · Cited by 592
Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Ovarian Follicular Development*
Giudice, L. C. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-13-4-641 · Cited by 521
Weil, S. J., Vendola, K., Zhou, J., Adesanya, O. O., Wang, J., Okafor, J., & Bondy, C. A. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.7.4917 · Cited by 359
Vendola, K., Zhou, J., Wang, J., Famuyiwa, O. A., Bievre, M., & Bondy, C. A. (1999) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod61.2.353 · Cited by 324
Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates
Shetty, G., Krishnamurthy, H., Krishnamurthy, H. N., Bhatnagar, A. S., & Moudgal, R. N. (1997) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(97)80008-8 · Cited by 306
Dunaif, A., Heindel, J. J., & Chang, R. (2002) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203910948 · Cited by 283
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Does ovulation induction increase the risk of gynecological cancer?
Sallam, H. N., Abdel-Bak, M., & Sallam, N. H. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Yapura, J., Badea, I., Zamberlam, G., Price, C. A., Mapletoft, R. J., Pierson, R. A., Singh, J. K., & Adams, G. P. (2015) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.03.005 · Cited by 6
Ozdemir, U., Özakşit, G., Güngör, A. N. Ç., & Aydogan, M. (2013) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-013-2780-5 · Cited by 6
Gundannavar, G., Chinni, D. D., & Ramesh, A. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1058 · Cited by 6
Alveolar Ridge Preservation with β-TCP Graft and Platelet-Rich Fibrin
Jain, V., & Tarunkumar, A. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1074 · Cited by 6
Haqnawaz, F., Virk, S., Qadir, T., Imam, S., & Rizvi, J. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 6
Kämmerer, P. W., Lehmann, K. M., Karbach, J., Wegener, J., Al‐Nawas, B., & Wagner, W. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1049 · Cited by 6
Zhao, Y., Ruan, X., & Mueck, A. O. (2017) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2017.1292241 · Cited by 6
“cervical mucus, which could lead to low pregnancy rate despite relatively high ovulation rate [4,5].”
BackgroundThe role of letrozole in in vitro fertilization treatment: new remedy or old mirage?
Bülow, N. S., & Macklon, N. (2024) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.10.040 · Cited by 5
Li, L., Xia, D., Jin, Y., Hong, R., Wang, J., & Liang, Y. (2024) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01794-8 · Cited by 5
A comparison of letrozole regimens for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Mandelbaum, R. S., Agarwal, R., Melville, S. J. F., Violette, C. J., Winer, S. A., Shoupe, D., Matsuo, K., Paulson, R. J., & Quinn, M. M. (2024) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2024.03.004 · Cited by 5
“Most studies evaluating letrozole for ovulation induction in PCOS have used a starting regimen identical to that as reported by Casper and Mitwally (9) et al. (10) comparing clomiphene 50 mg to letrozole 2.5 mg for ovulation induction in 750 patients with PCOS is perhaps the most widely-cited…”
InfluentialMesial Stripping of Mandibular Deciduous Canines for Correction of Permanent Lateral Incisors.
Nakhjavani, Y. B., Nakhjavani, F. B., & Jafari, A. J. (2017) · PubMed · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-144l · Cited by 5
Elshamy, E., & Khalafallah, M. (2018) · Obstetrics & Gynecology International Journal · doi:10.15406/ogij.2018.09.00344 · Cited by 5
Timed artificial insemination protocols in dairy cattle: Functioning, shortcomings, and improvements
Boudaoud, A. (2023) · Czech Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.17221/208/2022-cjas · Cited by 5
“Contrary to what has been observed in women (Mitwally and Casper 2001; Casper 2007), in the bovine model, letrozole does not appear to cause an FSH surge (which would be a logical consequence of the suppression of the oestradiol inhibitory effect on FSH) and thus hasten the emergence of a new…”
ResultComparison the Effect of Oxytocin and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Ovulation
Sayyah-Melli, M., Tagavi, S., Alizadeh, M., et al. (2007) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2007.1126.1134 · Cited by 5
Wang, H., & Zheng, P.-S. (2014) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000367847 · Cited by 5
Use of Antidepressants in Patients with Breast Cancer Taking Tamoxifen
Kim, S. H., Lee, M., Lee, K.-C., Lee, J., Kwon, H.-C., Kim, D.-C., Lee, K. W., & Cho, S. (2010) · Journal of Breast Cancer · doi:10.4048/jbc.2010.13.4.325 · Cited by 5
Elnashar, A. M., Fouad, H., Eldosoky, M., & Abelgafar, N. (2004) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 5
Hegde, R., & Maitra, C. (2020) · Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research · doi:10.18231/j.ijogr.2020.003 · Cited by 5
Begum, P., Shaha, D. R., Hassan, M. K., & Zeba, D. (2021) · Faridpur Medical College Journal · doi:10.3329/fmcj.v15i2.53891 · Cited by 5
Zwiefelhofer, E. M., Lillico, W., & Adams, G. P. (2022) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106975 · Cited by 5
Use of clomiphene citrate in women
(2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.05.008 · Cited by 5
Correlation between Gingival Phenotype, Residual Ridge Height and the Schneiderian Membrane
Deepthi, B., Babu, C. S., Rohit, P., Mallikarjuna, D., & Raj, R. B. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1077 · Cited by 5
Aggarwal, P., Mele, R. E., Bali, S., Thukral, P., Bhushan, A., & Bhasin, M. T. (2016) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1154 · Cited by 5
Psychological Autopsy: Reconstructing the Mystery of Suicide
Majid, A., Suhaff, A. A., & Khan, A. W. (2017) · Indian Journal of Private Psychiatry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10067-0005 · Cited by 5
Cancer and fertility preservation in females: where we stand and where we are heading
Maltaris, T., Weigel, M., & Dittrich, R. (2008) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.4.1.79 · Cited by 5
Mohamed, A. S. (2005) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 5
Comparison of Dermatoglyphic Pattern among Cleft and Noncleft Children: A Cross-sectional Study
Mayall, S. S., Chaudhary, S., Kaur, H., Manuja, N., Ravishankar, T., & Sinha, A. A. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1444 · Cited by 5
Subjective Assessment of Outcomes of Septoplasty
Bhat, V. S., Aroor, R., Philip, P., & Pratap, D. (2017) · Otorhinolaryngology Clinics - An International Journal · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10003-1261 · Cited by 6
Song, S. Y. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13112711 · Cited by 6
“It blocks negative feedback in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, thus increasing the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin [50,51]. was later used for ovulation induction in patients who did not respond to clomiphene citrate [52].”
Letrozole at the Crossroads of Efficacy and Fetal Safety in Ovulation Induction: A Narrative Review
Kaltsas, A., Efthimiou, A., Roidos, C., Tzikoulis, V., Georgiou, I. A., Sotiriadis, A., Zachariou, A., Chrisofos, M., Sofikitis, N., & Dimitriadis, F. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13092051 · Cited by 5
“Indeed, few letrozole-related adverse effects on the endometrium have been reported in the literature, and patients on letrozole generally do not experience the anti-estrogenic side effects (such as thin endometrium or notable menopausal symptoms) often seen with clomiphene [56,57].”
Clomiphene Citrate versus Letrozole for Ovulation Induction in PCOS: A Comparative Study
Nambiar, S. S. (2018) · Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1631 · Cited by 5
Managing poor responders in IVF
Keltz, M. D., Sauerbrun-Cutler, M.-T., & Breborowicz, A. (2013) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/eog.13.1 · Cited by 4
Clinical use of fertility agents and risk of breast cancer
Tomao, F., Russo, G. L., Spinelli, G. P., et al. (2014) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000067 · Cited by 4
“Over 12 years have passed since the publication of the first study evaluating the use of letrozole for ovulation induction [61,62].”
BackgroundAthwal, A., Chakravorty, R., Sur, D., & Saha, R. (2017) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174068 · Cited by 3
“International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 6 · Issue 9 Page 4099 ovulation induction agent.(6) Because it does not reduce estrogen receptors in central and peripheral target tissues, it classically results in mono-ovulation, and it may have no adverse impact on endometrium a…”
BackgroundRetrieval of Cold Welded Dental Implant Cover Screw using a New Technique
Krishna, R., Kejriwal, R., & Suma, J. (2015) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1139 · Cited by 4
Cold-welded Healing Cap: A Unique Implant Complication and its Management
Vaidya, S., Gupta, S., & Kapoor, C. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Implant Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10004-1037 · Cited by 4
The impact of estradiol on pregnancy outcomes in letrozole-stimulated frozen embryo transfer cycles
Zhang, W. Y., Gardner, R. M., Kapphahn, K., Ramachandran, M. K., Murugappan, G., Aghajanova, L., & Lathi, R. B. (2021) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2021.05.007 · Cited by 4
“org/licenses/by-ncinfertility and for increased follicle recruitment in ovulatory infertility (1).”
BackgroundAltyar, A. E., Boshra, M. S., Warda, A. E. A., Shawkey, S. M., Salem, S. A. M., Sarhan, R. M., & Sarhan, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13050842 · Cited by 4
“and 20–25% of PCOS women are clomiphene resistant [26,27].”
BackgroundVajna, R. Z., Géczi, A. M., Meznerics, F. A., Ács, N., Hegyi, P., Feig, E. Z., Fehérvári, P., Kiss‐Dala, S., Várbı́ró, S., Hetthéssy, J. R., et al. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17070971 · Cited by 4
“Letrozole (LE) is a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, approved as an adjuvant in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer [12–15].”
BackgroundLakhanpal, S., Babu, C. S., Pandurangappa, R., Mahaseth, P., Pitti, V., Anand, D., & Pasha, M. F. (2014) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1107 · Cited by 4
El-Aziz, M. M. A., Fouad, M. S., & Ouf, T. F. (2019) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12816/ejhm.2019.28872 · Cited by 4
“The elimination half-life of letrozole is about 2 days ((11)).”
BackgroundMedical Approaches to Ovarian Stimulation for Infertility
Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00030-5 · Cited by 6
Surgical Ovulation Induction in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Frank, V., Rajaeefard, A., Jaafarzadeh, A., Sayadi, M., Zarei, A., Parsanezhad, M. E., & Schmidt, E. H. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 4
First reported case of sextuplets conceived via letrozole for ovulation induction
Warraich, G., & Vause, T. D. R. (2014) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.10.040 · Cited by 4
“Until recently, ovulation and pregnancy rates with letrozole were limited to small studies (4, 8, 9).”
BackgroundImmediate Loading with Intraoral Welding for Improved Implant Stability during Healing
Kurtzman, G. M., Sm, T., & Dominici, A. D. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1041 · Cited by 4
Davar, R., Asgharnia, M., & Tayebi, M. J. (2006) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 4
Uterine leiomyomas: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management
Victory, R., Romano, W. M., Bennett, J., & Diamond, M. P. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139628938.018 · Cited by 4
Sweed, M. S. E., Elkady, O. S., AbdElSalam, E., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20160478 · Cited by 4
The Effect of Letrozole in Induction of Ovulation in Clomiphene Resistant Patients
Davar, R., & D, A. A. M. (2004) · Bioline International (Bioline International) · Cited by 4
Medical Approaches to Ovarian Stimulation for Infertility
Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-2758-2.00030-5 · Cited by 4
Daokar, S. S., & Daokar, S. G. (2015) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1130 · Cited by 4
Senosy, W., A., A. D. M., Hassan, M. H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences/Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.21608/javs.2020.117991 · Cited by 4
Microbiology of Dental Implants: A Review of the Literature
Shukla, S., & Grover, H. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1064 · Cited by 4
Medical Therapies: Aromatase Inhibitors
Bulun, S. E., Attar, E., Gürateş, B., Chen, Y., Tokunaga, H., Monsivais, D., & Pavone, M. E. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444398519.ch35 · Cited by 4
Zirconia Abutments: A Quintessence of Modern Day Implantology
Varughese, D. P. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1081 · Cited by 3
Jungheim, E. S., & Okoroafor (2012) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s25286 · Cited by 3
“The first report of letrozole’s efficacy at inducing ovulation in women with PCOS emerged in 2001.(35) Letrozole is relatively well tolerated in terms of the associated side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances and hot flashes.”
BackgroundImmediate Placement Implant in Fresh Extraction Socket: A Clinical Study of Seven Cases
Gangar, R., Sadhwani, B. S., Anchlia, S., & Sadhwani, S. (2013) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1086 · Cited by 3
Aromatase Expression in Endometriosis and Its Significance
Ishikawa, H., & Shozu, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54421-0_11 · Cited by 3
When clomiphene is no longer available…
Tulandi, T., & Casper, R. F. (2017) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2017.05.021 · Cited by 3
Self-citationHarira, M. M. (2018) · Evidence Based Women s Health Journal · doi:10.21608/ebwhj.2018.20068 · Cited by 3
“However, about 25% of them will not respond at all to CC and were considered to be "clomiphene resistant"[3].”
BackgroundLetrozole: an emerging array of hope for infertile women
Maladkar, M. N., Tekchandani, C. M., & Karchodi, A. (2020) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20200402 · Cited by 3
Silveira, C. O., Oliveira, R. M. D. S., Moraes, L. M., Oliveira, G. G., Aguiar, L. P. T., Souza, F. H. S., Coelho, S. S., Prazeres, P. H. D. M., Puerto, H. L. D., & Ferreira, M. C. F. (2022) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-022-00961-8 · Cited by 3
Arumugam, M. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Implant Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10004-1041 · Cited by 3
Novel letrozole dosing: is a single dose of letrozole equivalent to traditional 5-day dosing?
Martin, C. E. (2020) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2020.08.003 · Cited by 3
“The novel use of an aromatase inhibitor, letrozole, for ovulation induction was first published by Mitwally and Casper (1) in a landmark proof-of-concept paper almost 20 years ago.”
MethodInfluentialZafar, T., Asif, F., Naurin, R., et al. (2021) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs2115102685 · Cited by 3
“In patients that are especially vulnerable to gonadotropin, this formulation could be more suitable 21 .”
van Santbrink, E. J. P. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09718-3_20 · Cited by 3
“The application of aromatase inhibitors as ovulation induction agent instead of agent for advanced breast cancer has been introduced recently [ 55 ].”
BackgroundSíndrome de ovario poliquístico e infertilidad
Silva, V. (2010) · Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes · doi:10.1016/s0716-8640(10)70549-6 · Cited by 3
Letrozole for Induction of Ovulation in PCOS Patients: Resistant to Clomiphene Citrate
Chowdhury, T., Mahmud, N., & Siddiqui, M. (2010) · Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1074 · Cited by 3
Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy: Current Standard and Practical Issues
Park, B., & Park, H. S. (2010) · Journal of Breast Cancer · doi:10.4048/jbc.2010.13.3.242 · Cited by 3
“to the hypothalamus and an increase in ovarian stimulation,(27-30)which causes cystic changes in the ovary.”
BackgroundImmediate Loading of Implants in the Mandible
Kher, U., & Patil, S. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1035 · Cited by 3
Ovulation Induction in Anovulatory Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Falbo, A. I., Palomba, S., Russo, T., Cello, A. D., & Zullo, F. (2010) · Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1092 · Cited by 4
“They were related with higher pregnancy rates and lower multiple pregnancy rates than CC and similar pregnancy rates to gonadotropins [81-84].”
BackgroundGupta, H., Kaul, A., Lahori, M., Chandra, S., & Nagrath, R. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1057 · Cited by 3
Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Rizk, B. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511547294.009 · Cited by 3
Mijiritsky, E., Lorean, A., Barbu, H. M., & Mazor, Z. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1055 · Cited by 3
Athar, R., Mehrnoosh, M., Alipour, F., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.3923/ijp.2015.377.381 · Cited by 3
Implant Failures—Diagnosis and Management
Iyer, M. S., Mantena, S. R., Gottumukkala, S. N., Sajjan, S., Raju, A., & Rao, B. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Implant Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10004-1034 · Cited by 4
Gayathri, S., Tripathy, S., & Muthulakshmi, M. (2017) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173464 · Cited by 3
alhibshi, L., Sarhan, A.-M., & abdo, A. (2019) · Zagazig University Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/zumj.2019.17162.1530 · Cited by 3
Letrozole as an adjunct treatment in antagonist cycles that previously failed in poor responders
Kaçar, M. T., Biler, A., Köse, C., Güleç, E. Ş., & Demir, A. (2021) · Ginekologia Polska · doi:10.5603/gp.a2021.0116 · Cited by 3
“Letrozole could successfully induce both ovulation and ovarian stimulation without any negative effects on the endometrium in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [11, 12].”
BackgroundSamara, N., & Casper, R. F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45534-1_10 · Cited by 5
Self-citationTreatment of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Wachs, D. S., & Chang, R. J. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-310-3_3 · Cited by 3
“The rise in FSH appears to be sufficient to initiate follicle growth as several studies have reported increased ovulatory function following letrozole treatment ( 67-70 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialIhnatova, T. V., Каплаушенко, А. Г., & Frolova, Y. S. (2019) · Current issues in pharmacy and medicine science and practice · doi:10.14739/2409-2932.2019.2.170973 · Cited by 3
Tourgeman, D. E. (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.002 · Cited by 3
Liang, Y., Lin, H., Qiu, Q., Pan, P., Jiao, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02372-2 · Cited by 2
“Letrozole (LE), a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, has become a significant treatment option since 2001 [1].”
Zakerinasab, F., Khalili, M., AbdollahyBiroon, F., Behfar, Q., Parsaee, R., Miri, M. S., Ansari, A., Mojeni, F. A., Deravi, N., Fazeli, R., et al. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-08127-5 · Cited by 2
“Letrozole is commonly used as an adjuvant medication in infertility treatment alongside gonadotropin agonists or antagonists during IVF [29, 30].”
Akbarinejad, V., Gharagozlou, F., & Mansourizadeh, A. (2016) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-016-2381-3 · Cited by 2
“Regardless, letrozole is also used as an agent for induction of ovulation in women with anovulatory infertility (Mitwally and Casper 2001; Usluogullari et al. 2015).”
BackgroundNew Advances in Ovulation Induction
Kafy, S. M., & Tulandi, T. (2007) · Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00256406-200710310-00001 · Cited by 2
Najim, H. D., Al-khfajy, W. S., Albasry, Z., & Al‐Taie, A. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijam.ijam_90_22 · Cited by 2
Mitchnick, K. A., Nicholson, K., Wideman, C. E., Jardine, K. H., Jamieson-Williams, R., Creighton, S. D., Lacoursiere, A., Milite, C., Castellano, S., Sbardella, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1574-23.2024 · Cited by 2
Rahul, L. N. U., Kumar, H. S. K., Lamba, A. K., Faraz, F., & Kirti, L. N. U. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1054 · Cited by 2
Mahesh, L., Restrepo, E., & Restrepo, M. A. (2013) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1090 · Cited by 2
Esthetic Management of Misplaced Implant
Shambharkar, V. I., Sonare, S. R., Mishra, M., & Raut, A. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Implant Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10004-1043 · Cited by 2
Alnemr, A. A. A., Ammar, I. M. M., Aboelfath, A. M. K., & Talaat, B. (2017) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2017.09.009 · Cited by 2
Utilisation des inhibiteurs de l'aromatase dans la prise en charge des femmes infertiles
Mattenberg, C., Fondop, J. J., Romoscanu, I., Luyet, C., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., & de Ziegler, D. (2005) · Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité · doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.03.026 · Cited by 2
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Metabolic Complications
Liao, E. P., & Poretsky, L. (2006) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-985-1_15 · Cited by 2
Ovulation induction for women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Homburg, R. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511545191.010 · Cited by 2
The infertility treatment related with polycystic ovary syndrome
Koo, Y. H., & Na, Y. J. (2010) · Korean Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.5468/kjog.2010.53.10.869 · Cited by 2
Augmentation Procedures for the Maxillary Sinus: A Case Report with 10-year Follow-up
Abdallah, J. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1044 · Cited by 2
Benefits of CBCT in Implant Planning
Kurtzman, G. M., & Dompkowski, D. F. (2011) · International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1032 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Mitwally, M. F. M., & Casper, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Casper, Robert F
- ORCID
- Casper, Robert F
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 305-309
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2165232862
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 14.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Keywords
- letrozole, aromatase inhibitors, ovulation induction, polycystic ovary syndrome, ovulatory infertility, anovulatory infertility, endometrial thickness, pregnancy rate, follicle recruitment
- MeSH terms
- Letrozole, Anovulation, Endometrium, Enzyme Inhibitors, Estradiol, Female, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Humans, Infertility, Female, Luteinizing Hormone, Nitriles, Ovulation Induction, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Triazoles, Aromatase Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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