Release of mast cell mediators into the jejunum by cold pain stress in humans
Open accessAbstract
Background & aims The central nervous system regulates gut functions via complex interactions between the enteric nervous and immune systems. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mast cell mediators are released into the human jejunal lumen during stress.Methods A closed-segment perfusion technique was used to investigate jejunal release of tryptase, histamine, prostaglandin D2, and water flux in response to the cold pressor test in 8 healthy subjects and 9 patients with food allergy. In 6 food-allergic patients, jejunal biochemical responses to cold pain stress were compared with those induced by food intraluminal challenge.Results Cold pain stress elevated heart rate and blood pressure and increased luminal release of mast cell mediators and jejunal water secretion in both groups. Stress-induced release of tryptase and histamine, but not of prostaglandin D2 and water flux, was greater in food-allergic patients than in healthy volunteers. In food-allergic patients, jejunal biochemical responses induced by cold pain stress were similar to those induced by antigen challenge.Conclusions These results show the ability of the central nervous system to modulate intestinal mast cell activity and suggest that mast cells have a role in stress-related gut dysfunction.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Mast-cell products, such as tryptase and histamine, are secreted into the human jejunum in response to stress induced by cold pain.
“Mast-cell products, such as tryptase and histamine, are secreted into the human jejunum in response to stress induced by cold pain,33”
From Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis (2009) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Johnson, L. R. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-088394-3.x5000-4 · Cited by 4,611 · see citing works
Tryptase levels as an indicator of mast-cell activation in systemic anaphylaxis and mastocytosis
Schwartz, L. B., Metcalfe, D. D., Miller, J. S., Earl, H., & Sullivan, T. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198706253162603 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
A turbidimetric method for the determination of higher polyethylene glycols in biological materials.
Hyden, S. (1956) · Kungliga Lantbrukshogskolans Annaler · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Schwartz, L. B., Yunginger, J. W., Miller, J., Bokhari, R., & Dull, D. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114051 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Mast cell heterogeneity: effects of neuroenteric peptides on histamine release.
Shanahan, F., Denburg, J. A., Fox, J. E. T., Bienenstock, J., & Befus, A. D. (1985) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.135.2.1331 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Wenzel, S. E., Fowler, A. A., & Schwartz, L. B. (1988) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/137.5.1002 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Terminal ileal mucosal mast cells in irritable bowel syndrome
Weston, A. P., Biddle, W. L., Bhatia, P. S., & Miner, P. B. (1993) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01303164 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Pavlovian conditioning of rat mucosal mast cells to secrete rat mast cell protease II
MacQueen, G., Marshall, J., Perdue, M., Siegel, S., & Bienenstock, J. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2911721 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity: Basic mechanisms of pathophysiology
Crowe, S. E., & Perdue, M. H. (1992) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(92)90047-3 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Castagliuolo, I., LaMont, J. T., Qiu, B., Fleming, S. M., Bhaskar, K. R., Nikulásson, S. Þ., Kornetsky, C. H., & Pothoulakis, C. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1996.271.5.g884 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Lowman, M. A., Rees, P., Benyon, R. C., et al. (1988) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(88)90199-6 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Acute stressors stimulate ion secretion and increase epithelial permeability in rat intestine
Saunders, P. R., Kosecka, U., McKay, D. M., & Perdue, M. H. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1994.267.5.g794 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Theoharides, T. C., Spanos, C., Pang, X., Alferes, L., Ligris, K., Letourneau, R., Rozniecki, J. J., Webster, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.136.12.7588332 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Perturbation of upper gastrointestinal function by cold stress.
Thompson, D., Richelson, E., & Malagelada, J. (1983) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.24.4.277 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationStress-induced gastroduodenal motor disturbances in humans: possible humoral mechanisms.
Stanghellini, V., Malagelada, J., Zinsmeister, A., Go, V. L., & Kao, P. (1983) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(83)80233-9 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationDuffy, L. C., Zielezny, M. A., Marshall, J. R., Byers, T. E., Weiser, M. M., Phillips, J. F., Calkins, B. M., Ogra, P. L., & Graham, S. (1991) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.1991.9937553 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Levels of Anxiety in Colonic Disorders
Esler, M., & Goulston, K. (1973) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197301042880104 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Perdue, M. H., Masson, S., Wershil, B. K., & Galli, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115047 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Tryptase levels in nasal-lavage fluid as an indicator of the immediate allergic response
Castells, M., & Schwartz, L. B. (1988) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(88)90005-x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Increases in plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations during sympathetic activation in man
Morris, M. J., Russell, A. E., Kapoor, V., Cain, M. D., Elliott, J. M., West, M. J., Wing, L. M. H., & Chalmers, J. P. (1986) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(86)90089-5 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Mediators of anaphylaxis-induced ion transport changes in small intestine
Castro, G. A., Harari, Y., & Russell, D. A. (1987) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.4.g540 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Stress-Induced Bladder Mast Cell Activation: Implications for Interstitial Cystitis
Spanos, C. P., Pang, X., Ligris, K., Létourneau, R., Alferes, L., Alexacos, N., Sant, G. R., & Theoharides, T. C. (1997) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65247-9 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Release of histamine from rat mast cells by acetylcholine
Fantozzi, R., Masini, E., Blandina, P., et al. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/273473a0 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Allergic reactions of rat jejunal mucosa
Crowe, S. E., Sestini, P., & Perdue, M. H. (1990) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(90)91232-u · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Interactions of mast cells with the nervous system ?Recent advances
Johnson, D. K., & Krenger, W. (1992) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf00993271 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
A new technique for segmental jejunal perfusion in man.
Knutson, L., Odlind, B., & Hällgren, R. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Effect of psychological stress on salt and water transport in the human jejunum
Barclay, G. R., & Turnberg, L. A. (1987) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(87)90319-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
[6] Tryptase: A mast cell serine protease
Schwartz, L. B. (1994) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(94)44008-5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Simple method for estimating trypsin
Wiggins, H. S. (1967) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.8.4.415 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Release of tryptase together with histamine during the immediate cutaneous response to allergen
Schwartz, L. B., Atkins, P. C., Bradford, T. R., Fleekop, P. D., Shalit, M., & Zweiman, B. (1987) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(87)80276-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Effect of Opiate and Adrenergic Blockers on the Gut Motor Response to Centrally Acting Stimuli
Stanghellini, V., Malagelada, J., Zinsmeister, A. R., Go, V. L. W., & Kao, P. C. (1984) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(84)80070-0 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationThe release of histamine by parasympathetic stimulation in guinea‐pig auricle and rat ileum.
BANI-SACCHI, T., Barattini, M., Bianchi, S., Blandina, P., Brunelleschi, S., Fantozzi, R., Mannaioni, P. F., & Masini, E. (1986) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp015960 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Human lung tissue and anaphylaxis
Kaliner, M. (1977) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(77)90125-7 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Pavlovian conditioning of nasal tryptase release in human subjects with allergic rhinitis
Gauci, M., Husband, A. J., Saxarra, H., & King, M. G. (1994) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90066-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Influence of Isoproterenol and Propranolol on Human Intestinal Transport In Vivo
Morris, A. I., & Turnberg, L. A. (1981) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(81)80015-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effect of cold-induced pain on salt and water transport in the human jejunum
Barclay, G. R., & Turnberg, L. A. (1988) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(88)90558-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Arzubiaga, C., Morrow, J. D., Roberts, L. J., & Biaggioni, I. (1991) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(91)90216-b · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Intestinal mast cell responses in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease
Fox, C. C., Lichtenstein, L. M., & Roche, J. K. (1993) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01295728 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Castex, N., Fioramonti, J., JoséFargeas, M., More, J., & Bueno, L. P. (1994) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(94)90221-6 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effect of neuropeptide Y on jejunal water and ion transport in humans
Holzer‐Petsche, U., Petritsch, W., Hinterleitner, T. A., Eherer, A. J., Sperk, G., & Krejs, G. J. (1991) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(91)90007-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Anti-immunoglobulin E-stimulated ion transport in human large and small intestine
Crowe, S. E., & Perdue, M. H. (1993) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90894-i · Cited by 40 · see citing works
IgE-mediated 14C-serotonin release from rat mast cells modulated by morphine and endorphins
Yamasaki, Y., SHIMAMURA, O., Kizu, A., et al. (1982) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(82)90333-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Santos, J., Saperas, E., Mourelle, M., et al. (1996) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(96)70007-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationOhtsuka, T., Matsumaru, S., Uchida, K., Onobori, M., Matsumoto, T., 桑畑, 圭., & Arita, M. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effect of misoprostol in preventing stress-induced intestinal fluid secretion in rats
Empey, L. R., & Fedorak, R. N. (1989) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/0952-3278(89)90146-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Garrity, E. R., Stimler, N. P., Muñoz, N. M., et al. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111923 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Antigen‐Mediated Effects on Epithelial Functiona
Perdue, M. H., Kosecka, U., & Crowe, S. E. (1992) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb39771.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Fox CC, Lichtenstein LM, Roche JK. Intestinal mast cell re- sponses in idiophatic inflammatory bowel disease. Histamine release from human intestinal mast cells in response to gut epithelial proteins. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1105-1112.
- Stead RH, Perdue MH, Cooke HJ, Powell DW, Barrett KE. Neuro- immune-physiology of the gastrointestinal mucosa: implications for inflammatory diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992;664:325-334.
- Wenzel SE, Fowler AA III, Schwartz LB. Activation of pulmonary mast cells by bronchoalveolar allergen challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:1002-1008.
- Casellas F, Guarner F, Rodrı ´guez R, Salas A, Tallada N, Mal- agelada JR. Abnormal jejunal prostanoid release in response to mucosal irritation in chronic ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991;3:667-673.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Marriage and health: His and hers
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.4.472 · Cited by 2,460 · see citing works
Gut/brain axis and the microbiota
Mayer, E. A., Tillisch, K., & Gupta, A. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci76304 · Cited by 1,503 · see citing works
Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis
Rhee, S. H., Pothoulakis, C., & Mayer, E. A. (2009) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2009.35 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
“Mast-cell products, such as tryptase and histamine, are secreted into the human jejunum in response to stress induced by cold pain”
Martin, C. R., Osadchiy, V., Kalani, A., & Mayer, E. A. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Intestinal barrier function in health and gastrointestinal disease
Camilleri, M., Madsen, K., Spiller, R., Van Meerveld, B. G., & Verne, G. N. (2012) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01921.x · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications
Mawdsley, J. E., & Rampton, D. S. (2005) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2005.064261 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Brain gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders
Mayer, E. A., Savidge, T., & Shulman, R. J. (2014) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.037 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome
O’Sullivan, Clayton, Breslin, Harman, Bountra, Mclaren, & O’Morain (2000) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2982.2000.00221.x · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients show mast cell activation and hyperplasia in the jejunum
Guilarte, M., Santos, J., de Torres, I., Alonso, C., Vicario, M., Ramos, L., Martinez, C., Casellas, F., Saperas, E., & Malagelada, J. R. (2007) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2006.100594 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Intestinal Microenvironment and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Barbara, G., Feinle-Bisset, C., Ghoshal, U. C., Santos, J., Vanner, S. J., Vergnolle, N., Zoetendal, E. G., & Quigley, E. M. (2016) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.028 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of mast cells in chronic stress induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in the rat
Santos, J., Yang, P.-C., Söderholm, J. D., Benjamin, M., & Perdue, M. H. (2001) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.48.5.630 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of mast cells in functional GI disorders
Wouters, M. M., Vicario, M., & Santos, J. (2016) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309151 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of Stress in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Mönnikes, H., Tebbe, J. J., Hildebrandt, M., Arck, P., Osmanoglou, E., Rose, M., Klapp, B., Wiedenmann, B., & Heymann-Mönnikes, I. (2001) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000050681 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Interplay between the gut-brain axis, obesity and cognitive function
Agustí, A., García-Pardo, M. P., López-Almela, I., Campillo, I., Maes, M., Romaní-Pérez, M., & Sanz, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00155 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Keita, Å. V., & Söderholm, J. D. (2010) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01498.x · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Hyperadrenergic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Mast Cell Activation Disorders
Shibao, C., Arzubiaga, C., Roberts, L. J., Raj, S., Black, B., Harris, P., & Biaggioni, I. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000158259.68614.40 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Labanski, A., Langhorst, J., Engler, H., & Elsenbruch, S. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104501 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Neurogastroenterology: Physiology/Motility – Sensation
Boeckxstaens, G., Camilleri, M., Sifrim, D., Houghton, L. A., Elsenbruch, S., Lindberg, G., Azpiroz, F., & Parkman, H. P. (2016) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.030 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Mawdsley, J. E., Macey, M. G., Feakins, R. M., Langmead, L., & Rampton, D. S. (2006) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.05.017 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Mechanisms of initiation and perpetuation of gut inflammation by stress
Hart, A., & Kamm, M. A. (2002) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01359.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Alonso, C., Guilarte, M., Vicario, M., Ramos, L., Ramadan, Z., Antolín, M., Martínez, C., Rezzi, S., Saperas, E., Kochhar, S., et al. (2008) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.036 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of hypnosis on systemic and rectal mucosal measures of inflammation in ulcerative colitis
Mawdsley, J. E., Jenkins, D. G., Macey, M. G., Langmead, L., & Rampton, D. S. (2008) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01845.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Vicario, M., Alonso, C., Guilarte, M., Serra, J., Martínez, C., González-Castro, A. M., Lobo, B., Antolín, M., Andreu, A. L., García-Arumí, E., et al. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.005 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, W., Sun, M., Zhang, H.-P., Chen, T., Wu, R., Liu, C., Yang, G., Geng, X.-R., Feng, B.-S., Liu, Z., et al. (2014) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306083 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Impact of diet on symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome
Spiller, R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020575 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Zhang, T., Han, Y., Wang, J., Hou, D., Deng, H., Deng, Y. L., & Song, Z. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00176 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Adaptation of stress-induced mucosal pathophysiology in rat colon involves opioid pathways
Yates, D. A., Santos, J., Söderholm, J. D., & Perdue, M. H. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.g124 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationStress-related changes in oesophageal permeability: filling the gaps of GORD?: Figure 1
Söderholm, J. D. (2007) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2007.120691 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- Santos, J., Saperas, E., Nogueiras, C., Mourelle, M., Antolín, M., Cadahia, A., & Malagelada, J.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- ORCID
- Santos, Javier
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-04
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 640-648
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035716309
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
- Keywords
- mast cell mediators, cold pressor test, stress, food allergy, tryptase, histamine, prostaglandin D2, enteric nervous system
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Water, Cold Temperature, Female, Histamine Release, Humans, Jejunum, Male, Mast Cells, Neuropeptide Y, Ovalbumin, Pain, Serine Endopeptidases, Stress, Physiological, Tryptases, Chymases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
