Reaching with a tool extends visual– tactile interactions into far space: Evidence from cross-modal extinction
Abstract
Several recent studies have shown cross-modal visual-tactile extinction in patients with right hemisphere lesions. In the present case, patient BV, a visual stimulus close to the right hand extinguished awareness of a touch on the left hand that would otherwise have been felt. Such extinction was reduced if the right visual stimulus was placed more distant from the patient's hand in the radial plane. However, when the patient held sticks in both hands, so that a far right visual stimulus was now at the end of the "tool" in his right hand, cross-modal extinction from this far stimulus increased. This effect depended on the patient holding a stick that reached to the position of the far visual stimulus; a similar large stick, but not connected with the patient's hand and laying passively on the right, had no effect. Wielding the stick induced a re-mapping of space, so that the far light became treated as near (and reachable by) the hand, thus modifying the spatial nature of cross-modal extinction. This may relate to the properties of multimodal neurons as found in the monkey intraparietal sulcus.
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Through training, tools can become externalized so that visual-tactile interaction extends into far space.
“Maravita et al. showed that through training, tools can become externalized so that visual-tactile interaction extends into far space (Maravita et al., 2001)”
From Designing sensory-substitution devices: Principles, pitfalls and potential1 (2016) · cites this paper as Maravita et al., 2001
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“Maravita et al. showed that through training, tools can become externalized so that visual-tactile interaction extends into far space (Maravita et al., 2001) and representations can change following active tooluse, which can extend the participants’ representation of peripersonal space (Maravita,…”
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“Crossmodal extinction, then, clearly provides a method for testing the hypothesis that tool use extends peripersonal space, and all the available data suggest indeed that it does (Farnè and Làdavas, 2000; Farnè et al. 2005a, b; Bonifazi et al. 2007; Maravita et al. 2001, 2002a).”
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“This finding is consistent with previous reports and further confirms the well known nearfar modulation (di Pellegrino et al., 1997; Làdavas, 2002; Maravita et al., 2001).”
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Holmes, N. P., Sanabria, D., Calvert, G. A., & Spence, C. J. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70471-4 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…many other tool-use studies do not conform to this standard model (Ackroyd et al., 2002; Berti and Frassinetti, 2000; Forti and Humphreys, 2004; Holmes et al., 2004; Maravita et al., 2001, 2002b; Pegna et al., 2001; Schendel and Robertson, 2004; Yamamoto and Kitazawa, 2001; Yamamoto et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTool-use observation makes far objects ready-to-hand
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“…2014), despite many evidences support that these effects are meant because of an extension of the PPS (Canzoneri et al., 2013; Farnè et al., 2005; Maravita et al., 2001, 2003; Maravita and Iriki 2004), it is still debatable whether they could be due to a mere shift in spatial attention (Holmes…”
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The wheelchair as a full-body tool extending the peripersonal space
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“…using a tool, which extends the possibilities of reaching objects in the far space, also extends the limits of hand-centered PPS (Iriki et al., 1996; Berti and Frassinetti, 2000; Farne and Ladavas, 2000; Maravita et al., 2001; Longo and Lourenco, 2006; Canzoneri et al., 2013b; Marini et al., 2014).”
MethodVisuo-tactile representation of near-the-body space.
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“Finally, pointing movements towards distant objects did produce crossmodal extinction entirely comparable to that obtained in the pre-tool-use condition, showing that the expansion of hand peripersonal space is strictly dependent upon the use of the tool [19, 47 ], aimed at physically reaching objects located outside…”
ResultSerino, A., Canzoneri, E., Marzolla, M., di Pellegrino, G., & Magosso, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“In humans, neuropsychological (Farnè and Làdavas, 2000; Maravita et al., 2001) and psychophysical (Holmes et al., 2004; Maravita and Iriki, 2004; Serino et al., 2007) studies demonstrated that, after using a tool, crossmodal interactions between tactile stimuli at the hand and visual or auditory…”
ResultCoding of far and near space during walking in neglect patients.
Berti, A., Smania, N., Rabuffetti, M., Ferrarin, M., Spinazzola, L., D'Amico, A., Ongaro, E., & Allport, A. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.16.3.390 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Because near space representation was affected by the brain damage, the remapping of far space as near affected the patients’ performance in line bisection, and neglect reappeared (see also Farnè & Làdavas, 2000; Maravita et al., 2001).”
BackgroundHow the body in action shapes the self
D, V. G. M., & Sinigaglia, C. (2011) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Tool use imagery triggers tool incorporation in the body schema
Baccarini, M., Martel, M., Cardinali, L., Sillan, O., Farnè, A., & Roy, A. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00492 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 30 May 2014 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00492 Tool use imagery triggers tool incorporation in the body schema”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNeurocomputational approaches to modelling multisensory integration in the brain: A review
Ursino, M., Cuppini, C., & Magosso, E. (2014) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.08.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Embodiment of Objects: Review, Analysis, and Future Directions
Schettler, A., Raja, V., & Anderson, M. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01332 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Results have shown that the location of visual stimuli, such as when it is close to a body part, can interfere with patients’ tactile performance (Farnè and Làdavas, 2000; Maravita et al., 2001, 2002; Farnè et al., 2005; Bonifazi et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAlleviating the ‘crossed-hands’ deficit by seeing uncrossed rubber hands
Azañón, E., & Soto‐Faraco, S. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1011-3 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…effective peri-personal space toward the tip of the tool, as if the tool were somehow able to receive tactile stimulation (Berti and Frassinetti 2000; Farnè and Làdavas 2000; Holmes et al. 2004; Holmes and Spence 2004; Iriki et al. 1996; Maravita et al. 2001, 2002a, b; Maravita and Iriki 2004).”
Farnè, A., Bonifazi, S., & Làdavas, E. (2004) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290442000112 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…neurons along the rake used by monkeys to retrieve out-of-hand-reach objects (Iriki et al., 1996; Obayashi et al., 2001), recent studies have shown fast and reversible elongation of the multisensory peripersonal space representation in humans (Farnè & Làdavas, 2000; Maravita et al., 2001b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCooperative tool-use reveals peripersonal and interpersonal spaces are dissociable
Patané, I., Farnè, A., & Frassinetti, F. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.04.013 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Materiality and Human Cognition
Overmann, K. A., & Wynn, T. (2018) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-018-9378-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“In a sighted person, visual space is also remapped, so that things within the extended reach of the tool seem nearer to them (Maravita et al. 2001; Maravita et al. 2002).”
Active Tool Use with the Contralesional Hand Can Reduce Cross-modal Extinction of Touch on that Hand
Maravita, A., Clarke, K., Husain, M., & Driver, J. (2002) · Neurocase · doi:10.1076/neur.8.5.411.16177 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Moreover, in a recent report on the same patient described here (Maravita et al., 2001), as well as in a group study by Farné and Làdavas (2000), it has been shown that when extinction patients use a long tool with the ipsilesional hand to reach for far visual stimuli in ipsilesional visual space, cross-modal extincti…”
InfluentialNeppi-Mòdona, M., Rabuffetti, M., Folegatti, A., Ricci, R., Spinazzola, L., Schiavone, F., Ferrarin, M., & Berti, A. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70465-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Multisensory interactions in the depth plane in front and rear space: A review
der Stoep, N. V., Nijboer, T. C. W., der Stigchel, S. V., & Spence, C. J. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.007 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…presented in peripersonal space may well display a similar deficit in extrapersonal space following the use of a stick to perform a particular task, but not, interestingly, when using a laser pointer (e.g., Berti and Frassinetti, 2000; see also Pegna et al. (2001) and Maravita et al. (2001)).”
MethodAction Comprehension: Deriving Spatial and Functional Relations.
Bach, P., Knoblich, G., Gunter, T. C., Friederici, A. D., & Prinz, W. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.3.465 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Referral of Tactile Sensation to the Tips of L-Shaped Sticks
Yamamoto, S., Moizumi, S., & Kitazawa, S. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01015.2004 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…contributed to establishing a spatial interaction between the tip of the tool and tactile stimuli received on the hand, although subjects did not actively wield the tools during the present experiments (cf. Holmes and Spence 2004; Iriki et al. 1996; Maravita et al. 2001, 2002; Riggio et al. 1986).”
Legrand, D., Brozzoli, C., Rossetti, Y., & Farnè, A. (2007) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.06.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tool use and perceived distance: when unreachable becomes spontaneously reachable
Osiurak, F., Morgado, N., & Palluel-Germain, R. (2012) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3036-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“There is a signiWcant literature in neurosciences indicating that active tool use extends the boundary of peripersonal space, i.e., the visual space immediately surrounding the body or parts of the body (Farnè and Làdavas 2000; Holmes et al. 2007; Iriki et al. 1996; Maravita et al. 2001).”
BackgroundCompressing perceived distance with remote tool-use: Real, imagined, and remembered.
Davoli, C. C., Brockmole, J. R., & Witt, J. K. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0024981 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Bonifazi, S., Farnè, A., Rinaldesi, L., & Làdavas, E. (2007) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1348/174866407x180846 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Complementary evidence of peri-hand space re-sizing following tool-use have been reported in neglect and extinction patients (Ackroyd, Riddoch, Humphreys, Nightingale, & Townsend, 2002; Berti & Frassinetti, 2000; Maravita et al., 2002a, 2001; but see, Pegna et al., 2001), as well as in normal participants (Maravita, S…”
MethodMagosso, E., Ursino, M., di Pellegrino, G., Làdavas, E., & Serino, A. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.037 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Frontier of Self and Impact Prediction
Cléry, J. C., & Hamed, S. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01073 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Somatosensory-guided tool use modifies arm representation for action
Martel, M., Cardinali, L., Bertonati, G., Jouffrais, C., Finos, L., Farnè, A., & Roy, A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41928-1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Dynamic expansion of alert responses to incoming painful stimuli following tool use
Rossetti, A., Romano, D., Bolognini, N., & Maravita, A. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.019 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationNear and far space: Understanding the neural mechanisms of spatial attention
Lane, A. R., Ball, K. L., Smith, D. T., Schenk, T., & Ellison, A. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21433 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“, a light pen) is used to point [Berti and Frassinetti, 2000; Maravita et al., 2001].”
MethodTechnition: When Tools Come Out of the Closet
Osiurak, F., Lesourd, M., Navarro, J., & Reynaud, E. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620902145 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Evidence has shown that tools can be incorporated in body representation (Cardinali et al., 2009; Maravita, Husain, Clarke, & Driver, 2001).”
BackgroundEnhanced detection of visual targets on the hand and familiar tools
Kao, K.-L. C., & Goodale, M. A. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The role of functionality in the body model for self-attribution
Aymerich-Franch, L., & Ganesh, G. (2015) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2015.11.001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Personal and Extrapersonal Spatial Perception
Vallar, G., & Maravita, A. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb001016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Batmaz, A. U., de Mathelin, M., & Dresp, B. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183789 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Different tool training induces specific effects on body metric representation
Romano, D., Uberti, E., Caggiano, P., Cocchini, G., & Maravita, A. (2018) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-018-5405-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Neural Interaction between Spatial Domain and Spatial Reference Frame in Parietal–Occipital Junction
Chen, Q., Weidner, R., Weiss, P. H., Marshall, J. C., & Fink, G. R. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00260 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Growing evidence from neurophysiological and neuropsychological studies has shown that the active, purposeful use of a tool can extend the range of near space by changing both neural and behavioral responses (Legrand, Brozzoli, Rossetti, & Farne, 2007 ; Farne, Iriki, & Ladavas, 2005 ; Maravita, Husain, Clarke, & Drive…”
BackgroundAction Planning Modulates Peripersonal Space
Patané, I., Cardinali, L., Salemme, R., Pavani, F., Farnè, A., & Brozzoli, C. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01349 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Berti, A., & Rizzolatti, G. (2002) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508335.003.0008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A signal detection study of the Colavita visual dominance effect
Koppen, C., Levitan, C., & Spence, C. J. (2009) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1853-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The apparent similarity between the Colavita eVect in normal participant and crossmodal extinction in neuropsychological patients may make the insights gained studying the Colavita eVect particularly relevant to our understanding the phenomenon of extinction (e.g., Bender 1952; Maravita et al. 2001; Mattingley et al.…”
BackgroundPovinelli, D. J., Reaux, J. E., & Frey, S. H. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.010 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Visual near space is scaled to parameters of current action plans.
Kirsch, W., & Kunde, W. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0031074 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effect of tool-use observation on metric body representation and peripersonal space
Galigani, M., Castellani, N., Donno, B., Franza, M., Zuber, C., Allet, L., Garbarini, F., & Bassolino, M. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107622 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
On the psychological origins of tool use
Mangalam, M., Fragaszy, D. M., Wagman, J. B., Day, B. M., Kelty‐Stephen, D. G., Bongers, R. M., Stout, D., & Osiurak, F. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104521 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Scandola, M., Aglioti, S. M., Lazzeri, G., Avesani, R., Ionta, S., & Moro, V. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62080-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Immediate tool incorporation processes determine human motor planning with tools
Ganesh, G., Yoshioka, T., Osu, R., & Ikegami, T. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5524 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Depth: the Forgotten Dimension in Multisensory Research
der Stoep, N. V., Serino, A., Farnè, A., Luca, M. D., & Spence, C. J. (2016) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-00002525 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…its size/shape as a function of changes in upper limb function or structure, such as after tool-use (Canzoneri et al., 2013; Farnè & Làdavas, 2000; Maravita et al., 2001; see Maravita & Iriki, 2004, for a review, and Serino et al. 2015 for a computational account of these effects), amputation and…”
BackgroundWhen a laser pen becomes a stick: remapping of space by tool-use observation in hemispatial neglect
Costantini, M., Frassinetti, F., Maini, M., Ambrosini, E., D, V. G. M., & Sinigaglia, C. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-4012-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…the severity of extinction can be modified by the active use of a tool that may extend the physical reach of hand actions (Farnè and ladavas 2000; Maravita et al. 2001). this effect is closely related to the functionally effective length of the tool (Farnè et al. 2005). taken together, these and…”
BackgroundThe toolish hand illusion: embodiment of a tool based on similarity with the hand
Cardinali, L., Zanini, A., Yanofsky, R., Roy, A. C., de Vignemont, F., Culham, J. C., & Farnè, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81706-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Multisensory Attentional Consequences of Tool Use: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Holmes, N. P., Spence, C. J., Hansen, P., Mackay, C. E., & Calvert, G. A. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003502 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“modal extinction, static flashing LEDs and three-dimensional rapid movements of an experimenter’s finger have been shown, in one study, to result in comparable levels of visual-tactile interactions [14].”
BackgroundSpaccasassi, C., Romano, D., & Maravita, A. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.10.013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Maravita, A., Husain, M., Clarke, K., & Driver, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Verona (IT)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Maravita, Angelo
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 580-585
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169564582
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Spatial Neglect and Hemispheric Dysfunction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- right hemisphere damage, tool use, spatial attention, reachability, intraparietal sulcus, hemispatial neglect
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Brain, Extinction, Psychological, Hand, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Space Perception, Touch, Visual Perception
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