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Dynamic expansion of alert responses to incoming painful stimuli following tool use
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Peripersonal space is the region closely surrounding our bodies. Within its boundaries, avoidance of threatening objects is crucial for surviving. Here we explored autonomic responses to painful stimuli with respect to the dynamic properties of the peripersonal space in healthy individuals. To this aim, in a series of experiments, we measured the Skin Conductance Response (SCR) to a noxious stimulus approaching and touching the hand, or stopping at different distances (far, near) from it. Results showed that the anticipatory response to an incoming threat is reduced if the stimulus targets a spatial position far away from the body, as compared to a near or bodily location. However, responses to far stimuli change if the boundaries of reachable space are extended further away by active tool use. Noteworthy, SCR is not influenced by a training consisting of a spatial attention task, without active tool use. This evidence sheds novel light on the adaptive role of peripersonal space, showing its importance for the coding of incoming threatening stimuli and its plasticity induced by contingent experience, such as tool use.
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Salient stimuli in the space surrounding the body may induce changes in autonomic responses, for example during observation of a noxious stimulus approaching and either touching the hand or stopping close or far from it.
“Salient stimuli in the space surrounding the body may induce changes in autonomic responses, as for example, during the observation of a noxious stimulus approaching and either touching the hand or stopping close or far from it”
From The Peripersonal Space in a social world (2021) · cites this paper as Rossetti, Romano, Bolognini, & Maravita, 2015
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The toolish hand illusion: embodiment of a tool based on similarity with the hand
Cardinali, L., Zanini, A., Yanofsky, R., Roy, A. C., de Vignemont, F., Culham, J. C., & Farnè, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81706-6 · Cited by 41
Increasing self-other bodily overlap increases sensorimotor resonance to others’ pain
Riečanský, I., Lengersdorff, L., Pfabigan, D. M., & Lamm, C. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00724-0 · Cited by 40
“Rossetti et al. (2015) reported that humans reacted with increased autonomic arousal when harmful objects appeared in the vicinity of the (actively used) tool, indicating that body's protective zone had enlarged to include the space around the tool.”
BackgroundThe Remapping of Time by Active Tool-Use
Anelli, F., Candini, M., Cappelletti, M., Oliveri, M., & Frassinetti, F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146175 · Cited by 25
The parietal lobe and tool use
Maravita, A., & Romano, D. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63622-5.00025-5 · Cited by 30
“However, it has been shown experimentally that the use of a tool not only changes the metrics of body representation, but also the arousal responses to incoming noxious stimuli threatening the tool (Rossetti et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWhat’s Coming Near? The Influence of Dynamical Visual Stimuli on Nociceptive Processing
Paepe, A. L. D., Crombez, G., & Legrain, V. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155864 · Cited by 30
“[67] investigated the skin conductance response (SCR) to a noxious stimulus (i.”
BackgroundSpaccasassi, C., Romano, D., & Maravita, A. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.10.013 · Cited by 36
Self-citationGalli, G., & Pazzaglia, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00305 · Cited by 25
“…of one’s hand in somatoparaphrenia (Vallar and Ronchi, 2009; Romano et al., 2014), desire for amputation in body integrity identity disorder (Sedda, 2011), unintended movements in alien hand syndrome (Della Sala et al., 1991), ownership for supernumerary limbs (Guterstam et al., 2011) or…”
Backgroundde Borst, A. W., & de Gelder, B. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12030391 · Cited by 21
“Visual threats in PPS also heighten physiological re‐ sponses [49,50] and elicit faster reaction times to tactile stimuli [51,52].”
BackgroundDe Paepe, A. L., Crombez, G., & Legrain, V. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.015 · Cited by 18
“Analogously, Rossetti et al. (2014) found that pain anticipatory responses were greater when threatening stimuli were approaching the hand along the vertical axis as opposed to the horizontal axis.”
Bell, J. D., & Macuga, K. L. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-02032-6 · Cited by 26
Najafabadi, A. J., Küster, D., Putze, F., & Godde, B. (2023) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-023-06644-3 · Cited by 24
Investigating peri-limb interaction between nociception and vision using spatial depth.
Vanderclausen, C., Filbrich, L., Alamia, A., & Legrain, V. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.060 · Cited by 12
Sensorimotor and social aspects of peripersonal space
Dijkerman, H. C., & Farnè, A. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.005 · Cited by 16
“Finally, Rossetti et al. (2015) found that peripersonal space boundaries for unpleasant (painful) stimuli are extended even further after tool use.”
Iani, C., Ciardo, F., Panajoli, S., Lugli, L., & Rubichi, S. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01271-6 · Cited by 15
Egocentric value maps of the near-body environment
Bufacchi, R. J., Somervail, R., Fitzpatrick, A. M., Murayama, Y., Logothetis, N. K., Caminiti, R., & Iannetti, G. D. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01958-7 · Cited by 11
Investigating body perception of multiple virtual hands in synchronized and asynchronized conditions
Mashiyama, Y., Kondo, R., Fukuoka, M., Teo, T., & Sugimoto, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2024.1383957 · Cited by 9
Vittersø, A. D., Halicka, M., Buckingham, G., Proulx, M. J., Wilson, M., & Bultitude, J. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210045 · Cited by 10
Enhanced audio-tactile multisensory interaction in a peripersonal task after echolocation
Tonelli, A., Campus, C., Serino, A., & Gori, M. (2019) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05469-3 · Cited by 8
Spaccasassi, C., Dijkerman, H. C., Maravita, A., Ferrante, O., & de Jong, M. C. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01749 · Cited by 8
Self-citationVergallito, A., Gerfo, E. L., Varoli, E., Brambilla, M., Sacchi, S., Anzani, S., & Lauro, L. J. R. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107224 · Cited by 4
“We excluded participants with any contraindication for TMS (Rossi et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDo we represent peripersonal space?
Klein, C. (2021) · The World at Our Fingertips · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198851738.003.0008 · Cited by 3
de Vignemont, F. (2023) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-023-04394-x · Cited by 3
“The authors concluded that the increase in SCR revealed pain anticipatory responses specific to peripersonal space (Rossetti et al., 2015).”
Najafabadi, A. J., Longo, M. R., & Liepelt, R. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-026-03024-0
“Complementary research by Rossetti et al. (2015) focused on how intensive tool-use training determines the plasticity of peripersonal space, the immediate defensive and action-oriented zone surrounding the body.”
Action does not drive visual biases in peri-tool space
McManus, R. R., & Thomas, L. E. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02826-x
“…contradictory findings with regard to whether visual biases occur when observers merely hold a reach-extending tool (Maravita et al., 2001, 2002; Rossetti et al., 2015) as well as the potential difficulties in making comparisons between neuropsychological studies on a small number of patients…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Rossetti, A., Romano, D., Bolognini, N., & Maravita, A.
- Affiliations
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IT)
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Maravita, Angelo
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 70
- Pages
- 486-494
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084591125
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 3.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2016-06-01)
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- peripersonal space, tool use, skin conductance response, threat anticipation, pain perception, spatial attention, plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Distance Perception, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Male, Pain, Physical Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Space Perception, Touch, Nonlinear Dynamics, Statistics, Nonparametric, Young Adult
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