To group or not to group? Good practice for housing male laboratory mice
Open accessAbstract
It is widely recommended to group-house male laboratory mice because they are ‘social animals’, but male mice do not naturally share territories and aggression can be a serious welfare problem. Even without aggression, not all animals within a group will be in a state of positive welfare. Rather, many male mice may be negatively affected by the stress of repeated social defeat and subordination, raising concerns about welfare and also research validity. However, individual housing may not be an appropriate solution, given the welfare implications associated with no social contact. An essential question is whether it is in the best welfare interests of male mice to be group- or singly housed. This review explores the likely impacts—positive and negative—of both housing conditions, presents results of a survey of current practice and awareness of mouse behavior, and includes recommendations for good practice and future research. We conclude that whether group- or single-housing is better (or less worse) in any situation is highly context-dependent according to several factors including strain, age, social position, life experiences, and housing and husbandry protocols. It is important to recognise this and evaluate what is preferable from animal welfare and ethical perspectives in each case.
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Social environment (group size and composition/stocking density) compromises animal welfare.
“Social environment (group size and composition/stocking density) | Compromises animal welfare [191]. Induces aggressive behaviour [192,193] and stress [180].”
From Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 (2020) · cites this paper as [191]
Section 4.4 links group size and male-mouse social relationships to aggression and welfare problems. But the Conclusions say housing practices can either compromise or enhance welfare, depending on the situation. The categorical claim extends beyond that context-dependent finding, and the cited passages do not establish that stocking density itself compromises welfare. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Kappel, S., Hawkins, P., & Mendl, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kappel, Sarah
- Hawkins, Penny
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-11-24
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 88
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5742782
- OpenAlex
- W2766574891
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Keywords
- laboratory mice, male mice, group housing, single housing, animal welfare, social behavior, aggression, social defeat, subordination, stress, housing conditions, husbandry, mouse strain differences, research validity
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