Cited by 809Nutrition and Health in AgingMuscle Physiology and DisordersHormonal and reproductive studies

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Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women

Baumgartner, Richard N., Waters, Debra L., Gallagher, Dympna, Morley, John E., Garry, Philip J.·1999·Mechanisms of Ageing and Development

DOI 10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00130-4

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Abstract

Background Elderly men and women lose muscle mass and strength with increasing age. Decreased physical activity, hormones, malnutrition and chronic disease have been identified as factors contributing to this loss. There are few data, however, for their multivariate associations with muscle mass and strength. This study analyzes these associations in a cross-sectional sample of elderly people from the New Mexico Aging Process Study.Methods Data collected in 1994 for 121 male and 180 female volunteers aged 65-97 years of age enrolled in The New Mexico Aging Process Study were analyzed. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; dietary intake from 3 day food records; usual physical activity by questionnaire; health status from annual physical examinations; and serum testosterone, estrone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) from radioimmunoassays of fasting blood samples. Statistical analyses included partial correlation and stepwise multiple regression.Results The muscle mass and strength (adjusted for knee height) decreased with increasing age in both sexes. The muscle mass was significantly associated with serum free-testosterone, physical activity, cardiovascular disease, and IGF1 in the men. In the women, the muscle mass was significantly associated with total fat mass and physical activity. Age was not associated significantly with muscle mass after controlling for these variables. Grip strength was associated with age independent of muscle mass in both sexes. Estrogen (endogenous and exogenous) was not associated with muscle mass or strength in women.Conclusions Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength occurs in relatively healthy, well-nourished elderly men and women and has a multifactorial basis. Sex hormone status is an important factor in men but not in women. Physical activity is an important predictor of muscle mass in both sexes.

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Self-citation
Effect of testosterone on the regulation of p53 and p66Shc during oxidative stress damage in C2C12 cells
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“A physically active lifestyle is associated with maintenance of and improvement in body composition in postmenopausal women (PW),(4,5) and it is known that active women of all ages display greater fat-free mass and lower fat mass than do sedentary women of the same age.(6) The reduction in fat mass by exercising turns…”
Background
The relationship of testosterone and AR CAG repeat genotype with knee extensor muscle function of young and older men
Folland, J. P., Cauley, T. M. M., Phypers, C., Hanson, B., & Mastana, S. S. (2012) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.013 · Cited by 16
“There are some previous reports of TT being related to grip (Baumgartner et al., 1999; van den Beld et al., 2000) and knee extensor strength (van den Beld et al., 2000; Roy et al., 2002).”
Influential
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“Sarcopenia is a term utilized to define the loss of muscle mass and strength and the consequent functional impairment that occurs with aging (Baumgartner et al., 1999; Waters et al., 2000; Morley et al., 2001).”
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Testosterone therapy improves well being and psychological health
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Testosterone Treatment in Older Men: Effects on the Prostate
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Self-citation
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Association between Reduction of Muscle Mass and Faster Declines in Global Cognition among Older People: A 4-Year Prospective Cohort Study
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“Sex hormone levels may be involved in the differences in the effects of muscle loss in men and women (41).”
Background
Prognostic value of CT body composition analysis for 1-year mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement
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“With age, sarcopenia causes progressive atrophy of type II muscle ﬁ bers [33] and may be accelerated by the presence of comorbidities, poor nutritional status, and reduced physical activity [34], which are common in patients with cardiovascular disease.”
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“It occurs in parallel with declines in skeletal muscle mass [63, 64], strength [65, 66] and physical performance [67].”
Anorexia of Aging
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“The reason for this appears to be the decline in testosterone levels that occurs with aging in men [39].”
Background
Inadequate Protein Intake at Specific Meals Is Associated with Higher Risk of Impaired Functionality in Middle to Older Aged Mexican Adults
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“These observed changes may be because of decreased growth hormone production (40, 41), androgens (40, 42) and insulin like growth factor (40, 42) as well as a reduction in muscle fiber cross sectional area (43) and body cell mass (44) with age.”
Background
The Role of Sex Hormones on Bone Mineral Density, Marrow Adiposity, and Muscle Adiposity in Middle-Aged and Older Men
Xu, L., Zhao, Q., Li, K., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Hind, K., Wang, L., Liu, Y., & Cheng, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.817418 · Cited by 16
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Nutritional Strategies for Frail Older Adults
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“Hispanic men and women have relatively higher rates of sarcopenia.(29) The average adult will gain a pound of weight and losehalf a poundofmuscle yearly from30 to 60 years and after the age of 70 years; muscle loss accelerates to 15% per decade.”
Background
¿Qué es la sarcopenia?
Masanés, F., López, M. N., Sacanella, E., & Soto, A. L. (2010) · Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología · doi:10.1016/j.semreu.2009.10.003 · Cited by 18
The effect of increase in baggage weight on elderly women's lower extremity muscle activation during gait
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Dietary protein decreases exercise endurance through rapamycin-sensitive suppression of muscle mitochondria
Mitsuishi, M., Miyashita, K., Muraki, A., Tamaki, M., Tanaka, K., & Itoh, H. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00145.2013 · Cited by 14

Authors: Baumgartner, R. N., Waters, D. L., Gallagher, D., Morley, J. E., & Garry, P. J.
Affiliations: University of New Mexico (US)
St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Morley, John E.
ORCID: Baumgartner, Richard N.
Waters, Debra L.
Gallagher, Dympna
Morley, John E.
Venue: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1999-03
Volume: 107
Issue: 2
Pages: 123-136
ISSN: 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00130-4
OpenAlex: W2042178933
Cited by: 809
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 9.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (R01AG010149, AG 02049, AG 10149)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords: skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, sarcopenia, aging, older adults, sex differences, physical activity, sex hormones, free testosterone, estrone, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor I, grip strength, fat mass, cardiovascular disease, body composition
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle, Skeletal

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Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women

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