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Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women
Abstract
Background Elderly men and women lose muscle mass and strength with increasing age. Decreased physical activity, hormones, malnutrition and chronic disease have been identified as factors contributing to this loss. There are few data, however, for their multivariate associations with muscle mass and strength. This study analyzes these associations in a cross-sectional sample of elderly people from the New Mexico Aging Process Study.Methods Data collected in 1994 for 121 male and 180 female volunteers aged 65-97 years of age enrolled in The New Mexico Aging Process Study were analyzed. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; dietary intake from 3 day food records; usual physical activity by questionnaire; health status from annual physical examinations; and serum testosterone, estrone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) from radioimmunoassays of fasting blood samples. Statistical analyses included partial correlation and stepwise multiple regression.Results The muscle mass and strength (adjusted for knee height) decreased with increasing age in both sexes. The muscle mass was significantly associated with serum free-testosterone, physical activity, cardiovascular disease, and IGF1 in the men. In the women, the muscle mass was significantly associated with total fat mass and physical activity. Age was not associated significantly with muscle mass after controlling for these variables. Grip strength was associated with age independent of muscle mass in both sexes. Estrogen (endogenous and exogenous) was not associated with muscle mass or strength in women.Conclusions Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength occurs in relatively healthy, well-nourished elderly men and women and has a multifactorial basis. Sex hormone status is an important factor in men but not in women. Physical activity is an important predictor of muscle mass in both sexes.
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“Muscle mass significantly associated with serum-free testosterone [81] and testosterone levels decrease at a rate of approximately 1% per year after the age of 30 [82].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
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“(25) reported that muscle mass is significantly associated with heart disease in older men and with total fat mass in older women.”
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MethodInfluentialLower Cognitive Function in Older Patients with Lower Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass
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Testosterone in older men after the Institute of Medicine Report: where do we go from here?
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“Muscle mass significantly associated with serum-free testosterone [81] and testosterone levels decrease at a rate of approximately 1% per year after the age of 30 [82].”
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“In the New Mexico Aging Process Study, IGF-1 levels were correlated with muscle mass in men but not in women [121].”
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“The decrease in handgrip strength could be contributed by loss of muscle mass due to age-related decline in testosterone level [32], but estimation of muscle mass per se of subjects were not examined in the present study.”
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Secondary male hypogonadism: A prevalent but overlooked comorbidity of obesity
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Castañeda, C. (2002) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/animalsci2002.80e-suppl_2e98x · Cited by 45
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“Ageing is associated with a natural decline in testosterone levels in men, up to 1% per year from the age of 30 [253], which leads to a reciprocal reduction in muscle mass, muscle strength and fat-free mass [254] that is exacerbated in old obese adults with low testosterone [255].”
BackgroundEditorial. Mobility Performance: A High-Tech Test for Geriatricians
Morley, J. E. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.8.m712 · Cited by 43
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“One of the mechanisms for the decreased physical function in the elderly is sarcopenia [5], and especially in elderly men, muscle mass is associated with testosterone levels [6].”
BackgroundTreatment with oxandrolone and the durability of effects in older men
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“Although use of HT enhances muscle strength,(20,30) few studies have found that use of HT increases muscle mass in postmenopausal women,(20,31,32) whereas most studies have not.(19,26,33) For example, a recent meta-analysis found that use of HT was not associated with muscle mass.”
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“…muscle loss is a result of reduction in the size and number of muscle fibers (Lexell 1993), possibly due to a multifactorial process that involves lack of physical activity, reduced nutritional intake, oxidative stress, and hormonal changes (Baumgartner et al. 1999, Roubenoff & Hughes 2000).”
BackgroundDo androgens play any role in the physical frailty of ageing men?
O’Connell, M. D. L., Tajar, A., Roberts, S. A., & Wu, F. C. W. (2010) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01093.x · Cited by 39
Letnes, J. M., Berglund, I., Johnson, K. E., Dalen, H., Nes, B. M., Lydersen, S., Viken, H., Hassel, E., Steinshamn, S., Vesterbekkmo, E. K., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab721 · Cited by 40
Serum estradiol is associated with lean mass in elderly Swedish men
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Maggio, M., Ceda, G. P., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Metter, E. J., Guralnik, J. M., Basaria, S., Cattabiani, C., Luci, M., Dall'Aglio, E., et al. (2011) · The Aging Male · doi:10.3109/13685538.2010.518179 · Cited by 38
“Despite the robust relationship between testosterone and muscle mass in the literature [22,26], we did not find any significant difference in this parameter among three groups.”
BackgroundDoes Chronic Exercise Attenuate Age-Related Physiological Decline in Males?
Hayes, L. D., Grace, F., Sculthorpe, N. F., Herbert, P., Kilduff, L. P., & Baker, J. S. (2013) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2013.825799 · Cited by 38
“The differences between findings of the present investigation and the study by Bonnefoy et al. (2002) may be a result of different sample populations.”
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“The equations of number two (E2), three (E3) and six (E6) met all validation criteria generally used in similar studies [31,47].”
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“Free testosterone concentration is also a significant independent predictor of lean body mass and muscle strength (Baumgartner et al., 1999).”
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“30 In contrast, those with cardiovascular disease had similar HGS as those without in a study of elderly volunteers, 31 and low HGS was not associated with cardiovascular events in a population-based study.”
ResultMuscle mass is associated with incident fracture in postmenopausal women: The OFELY study
Sornay‐Rendu, E., Duboeuf, F., Boutroy, S., & Chapurlat, R. D. (2016) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.024 · Cited by 38
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“The age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength, termed sarcopenia, is accompanied by impairments in functional capacity and an increased risk of developing chronic metabolic diseases (4).”
BackgroundAn evolutionary and life history perspective on human male reproductive senescence
Bribiescas, R. G. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05524.x · Cited by 36
Stookey, J. D., Adair, L. S., Stevens, J., & Popkin, B. M. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.9.2433s · Cited by 36
Contractile and Elastic Ankle Joint Muscular Properties in Young and Older Adults
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“These findings could be related to age-related decreases in male testosterone concentrations [43], which is associated with decreased muscle mass and strength [44,45].”
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BackgroundSix-Week Improvements in Muscle Mass and Strength During Androgen Therapy in Older Men
Schroeder, E. T., Vallejo, A. F., Zheng, L., Stewart, Y., Flores, C., Nakao, S., Martinez, C., & Sattler, F. R. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.12.1586 · Cited by 36
“Evidence, albeit limited, suggests that bioavailable testosterone levels correlate with skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength in different ethnic populations (10, 11 ), but the relationship between gonadal hormone status and age-associated alterations in body composition, skeletal muscle strength, and physical func…”
BackgroundAmyloid-beta burden predicts prospective decline in body mass index in clinically normal adults
Rabin, J. S., Shirzadi, Z., Swardfager, W., MacIntosh, B. J., Schultz, A. P., Yang, H., Buckley, R. F., Gatchel, J. R., Kirn, D. R., Pruzin, J. J., et al. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.03.002 · Cited by 37
“It may, however, be an important confounder given that reduced physical activity is associated with weight loss in older adults (Baumgartner et al., 1999) and may also accelerate Aβ-related cognitive decline and neurodegeneration (Rabin et al.”
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Growth Hormone: Fountain of Youth or Death Hormone?
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“However, reduced muscle mass associated with older age [27] can negatively impact a rider’s strength and ability to brace for impact in the event of a crash.”
BackgroundIs adductor pollicis muscle thickness a good predictor of lean mass in adults?
Bielemann, R. M., Horta, B. L., Orlandi, S. P., Barbosa-Silva, T. G., González, M. C., Assunção, M. C. F., & Gigante, D. P. (2015) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.022 · Cited by 34
“Variables such as skinfolds, waist and hip circumferences are usually included as negative predictors of LM in those equations [25e27], whereas knee height [28], arm [26,29], calf [26,29] and thigh circumferences [27,29] seem to improve the explained variance of those equations, presenting a positive relationship with…”
BackgroundEffectiveness of Exercise for Managing Osteoporosis in Women Postmenopause
Palombaro, K. M., Black, J. D., Buchbinder, R., & Jette, D. U. (2013) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20110476 · Cited by 34
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“Alternatively, differential reduction in androgen and testosterone, reduction in responsiveness to trophic hormones [3], growth hormone [25], and insulin-like growth factors [3] with escalating age may play important roles.”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Baumgartner, R. N., Waters, D. L., Gallagher, D., Morley, J. E., & Garry, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morley, John E.
- Venue
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-136
- ISSN
- 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042178933
- Cited by
- 809
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 9.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG010149, AG 02049, AG 10149)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, sarcopenia, aging, older adults, sex differences, physical activity, sex hormones, free testosterone, estrone, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor I, grip strength, fat mass, cardiovascular disease, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle, Skeletal
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