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Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women
Abstract
Background Elderly men and women lose muscle mass and strength with increasing age. Decreased physical activity, hormones, malnutrition and chronic disease have been identified as factors contributing to this loss. There are few data, however, for their multivariate associations with muscle mass and strength. This study analyzes these associations in a cross-sectional sample of elderly people from the New Mexico Aging Process Study.Methods Data collected in 1994 for 121 male and 180 female volunteers aged 65-97 years of age enrolled in The New Mexico Aging Process Study were analyzed. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; dietary intake from 3 day food records; usual physical activity by questionnaire; health status from annual physical examinations; and serum testosterone, estrone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) from radioimmunoassays of fasting blood samples. Statistical analyses included partial correlation and stepwise multiple regression.Results The muscle mass and strength (adjusted for knee height) decreased with increasing age in both sexes. The muscle mass was significantly associated with serum free-testosterone, physical activity, cardiovascular disease, and IGF1 in the men. In the women, the muscle mass was significantly associated with total fat mass and physical activity. Age was not associated significantly with muscle mass after controlling for these variables. Grip strength was associated with age independent of muscle mass in both sexes. Estrogen (endogenous and exogenous) was not associated with muscle mass or strength in women.Conclusions Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength occurs in relatively healthy, well-nourished elderly men and women and has a multifactorial basis. Sex hormone status is an important factor in men but not in women. Physical activity is an important predictor of muscle mass in both sexes.
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“Muscle mass significantly associated with serum-free testosterone [81] and testosterone levels decrease at a rate of approximately 1% per year after the age of 30 [82].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
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“This loss of muscle mass has been shown to be related directly to the decline in free testosterone levels [35].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCadilla, R., & Turnbull, P. (2006) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802606776173456 · Cited by 59
Late-Life Onset Hypogonadism: A Review
Bassil, N., & Morley, J. E. (2010) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2010.02.003 · Cited by 59
Self-citationNindl, B. C., Santtila, M., Vaara, J. P., Häkkinen, K., & Kyröläinen, H. (2011) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2011.03.001 · Cited by 58
“Given the anabolic properties of IGF-I and previous reports of positive associations with IGF-I with muscle mass [19], thigh muscle area and density [20], these findings might appear counterintuitive.”
ResultTestosterone therapy in the aging male
Lunenfeld, B., & Nieschlag, E. (2007) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530701485998 · Cited by 57
“strength [30].”
Baulieu, É.-É. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00367-2 · Cited by 58
Sattler, F. R., Bhasin, S., He, J., Chou, C.-P., Castaneda‐Sceppa, C., Yarasheski, K. E., Binder, E. F., Schroeder, E. T., Kawakubo, M., Zhang, A., et al. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glq183 · Cited by 58
Holwerda, A. M., Kouw, I. W., Trommelen, J., Halson, S. L., Wodzig, W. K., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. (2016) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.230086 · Cited by 67
“The age-related decline in muscle mass and strength, termed sarcopenia, is accompanied by impairments in functional capacity and an increased risk of developing chronic metabolic diseases (1, 2).”
BackgroundNovel Intriguing Strategies Attenuating to Sarcopenia
Sakuma, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2012) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2012/251217 · Cited by 59
“Age-related muscle loss is a result of reductions in the size and number of muscle fibers [21] possibly due to a multifactorial process that involves physical activity, nutritional intake, oxidative stress, and hormonal changes [3, 22].”
BackgroundValidation of salivary testosterone as a screening test for male hypogonadism
Morley, J. E., Perry, H. M., Patrick, P., Dollbaum, C. M., & Kells, J. (2006) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530600907993 · Cited by 56
“Recently data has emerged to suggest that the frailty syndrome [25,26] and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) [27,28] may be associated with this agerelated testosterone decline [29,30,31,32,33].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMorris, M. S., & Jacques, P. F. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512003133 · Cited by 56
“However, earlier investigations had reached the opposite conclusion((18,19)).”
BackgroundCirculating levels of IGF1 are associated with muscle strength in middle-aged- and oldest-old women
Taekema, D. G., Ling, C. H. Y., Blauw, G. J., Meskers, C. G. M., Westendorp, R. G. J., de Craen, A. J. M., & Maier, A. B. (2010) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-0703 · Cited by 56
Chen, B., Shih, T. T., Hsu, C., Yu, C., Wei, S., Chen, C., Wu, C., & Chen, C. (2010) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-010-0281-9 · Cited by 57
“For example, Baumgartner and colleagues proposed gender-specific equations for estimating muscle mass based on height, weight, hip circumference, grip strength, and gender in elderly people from the New Mexico Aging Process Study (23).”
Impact of Sarcopenia on Outcomes of Autologous Head and Neck Free Tissue Reconstruction
Jones, A. J., Alwani, M. M., Novinger, L. J., Pittelkow, E. M., Bonetto, A., Sim, M. W., Moore, M. G., & Mantravadi, A. V. (2020) · Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701696 · Cited by 57
Simão, A. P., Mendonça, V. A., de Avelar, N. C. P., da Fonseca, S. F., dos Santos, J. M., Coelho-Oliveira, A. C., Tossige-Gomes, R., Ribeiro, V. G. C., Neves, C. D. C., Balthazar, C. H., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00756 · Cited by 54
Sarcopenia: current theories and the potential beneficial effect of creatine application strategies
Candow, D. G. (2011) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-011-9327-6 · Cited by 53
“Furthermore, a decrease in anabolic hormone production of testosterone (Baumgartner et al. 1999), growth hormone (Welle et al.”
BackgroundInflammaging and Frailty in Immune-Mediated Rheumatic Diseases: How to Address and Score the Issue
Salaffi, F., Matteo, A. D., Farah, S., & Carlo, M. D. (2022) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-022-08943-z · Cited by 57
“TNFα also inhibits myogenic differentiation by destabilizing the myoblast determination (MyoD) protein [49] (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialLovell, D. I., Cuneo, R. C., Wallace, J. D., & McLellan, C. (2012) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.022 · Cited by 52
“Free testosterone concentration is also a significant independent predictor of lean body mass and muscle strength [19].”
Dietary protein intake is associated with lean body mass in community-dwelling older adults
Geirsdóttir, Ó. G., Arnarson, A., Ramel, A., Jónsson, P. V., & Þórsdóttir, I. (2013) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.05.014 · Cited by 53
“[10] Baumgartner RN, Waters DL, Gallagher D, Morley JE, Garry PJ.”
BackgroundEffects of Age on Mechanical Properties of Dorsiflexor and Plantarflexor Muscles
Hasson, C. J., & Caldwell, G. E. (2011) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-011-0481-4 · Cited by 52
Laviano, A., Gori, C. S., & Rianda, S. (2014) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800270-4.00003-1 · Cited by 58
Healthier lifestyle predicts higher circulating testosterone in older men: the Health In Men Study
Yeap, B. B., Almeida, O. P., Hyde, Z., Norman, P. E., Chubb, S. A. P., Jamrozik, K. D., Hankey, G. J., & Flicker, L. A. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03372.x · Cited by 53
Envelhecimento, estresse oxidativo e sarcopenia: uma abordagem sistêmica
Leite, L. E. A., Resende, T. D. L., Nogueira, G., da Cruz, I. B. M., Schneider, R. H., & Gottlieb, M. G. V. (2012) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/s1809-98232012000200018 · Cited by 52
Obesity in the Elderly: Is Faulty Metabolism to Blame?
Johannsen, D. L., & Ravussin, É. (2010) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/ahe.10.12 · Cited by 53
“Although crosssectional data have tended not to support a relationship between protein intake and muscle mass with aging [38,39], recent longi tudinal data demonstrated that, over 3 years, elderly volun teers (aged 70–79 years) who were in the highest quintile of dietary protein intake lost approxi mately 40% less…”
BackgroundTest-Retest Reliability of Isokinetic Strength Measurements in Lower Limbs in Elderly
Parraça, J. A., Adsuar, J. C., Domínguez‐Muñoz, F. J., My works are correct, B. M. I. A. A. I. S. R. L. M. T. I. D. A.-M., & Tomás-Carús, P. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11060802 · Cited by 62
“In addition, ageing leads to loss of bone mass [1–4] and muscle mass [5,6,8], and reduced physical capacity [7].”
BackgroundEffect of sexual dimorphism on muscle strength in cachexia
Norman, K., Stobäus, N., Reiß, J., Schulzke, J. D., Valentini, L., & Pirlich, M. (2012) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-012-0060-z · Cited by 51
“important factor for muscle mass in men but not in women [30].”
BackgroundRodríguez-Fernández, J. M., Danies, E., Martínez-Ortega, J. M., & Chen, W. (2017) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988716686832 · Cited by 53
Nutrition and sarcopenia: A review of the evidence of nutritional influences
Abiri, B., & Vafa, M. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1412940 · Cited by 56
Serum Sex Hormones, IGF-1, and IGFBP3 Exert a Sexually Dimorphic Effect on Lean Body Mass in Aging
Waters, D. L., Yau, C. L., Montoya, G. D., & Baumgartner, R. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.7.m648 · Cited by 51
“5% per year (2,15,19,20), and androgen deficiency has features similar to estrogen deficiency, including decreased muscle mass and increased central adiposity (10,11,20,21).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDecreased Basal Metabolic Rate Can Be an Objective Marker for Sarcopenia and Frailty in Older Males
Soysal, P., Bulut, E. A., Yavuz, İ., & Işık, A. T. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.07.001 · Cited by 50
Liu, Y., Cao, X., Gu, N., Yang, B., Wang, J., & Li, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00250 · Cited by 50
Effects of dietary protein on the composition of weight loss in post-menopaus al women
Gordons, M. M., Bopp, M. J., Easter, L., Miller, G. D., Lyles, M. F., Houston, D. K., Nicklas, B. J., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2008) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/bf02983202 · Cited by 50
“The loss of lean body mass in older adults is of concern, as it is associated with decreased function, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality (13, 14).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Baumgartner, R. N., Waters, D. L., Gallagher, D., Morley, J. E., & Garry, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morley, John E.
- Venue
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-136
- ISSN
- 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042178933
- Cited by
- 809
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 9.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG010149, AG 02049, AG 10149)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, sarcopenia, aging, older adults, sex differences, physical activity, sex hormones, free testosterone, estrone, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor I, grip strength, fat mass, cardiovascular disease, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle, Skeletal
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