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Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women
Abstract
Background Elderly men and women lose muscle mass and strength with increasing age. Decreased physical activity, hormones, malnutrition and chronic disease have been identified as factors contributing to this loss. There are few data, however, for their multivariate associations with muscle mass and strength. This study analyzes these associations in a cross-sectional sample of elderly people from the New Mexico Aging Process Study.Methods Data collected in 1994 for 121 male and 180 female volunteers aged 65-97 years of age enrolled in The New Mexico Aging Process Study were analyzed. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; dietary intake from 3 day food records; usual physical activity by questionnaire; health status from annual physical examinations; and serum testosterone, estrone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) from radioimmunoassays of fasting blood samples. Statistical analyses included partial correlation and stepwise multiple regression.Results The muscle mass and strength (adjusted for knee height) decreased with increasing age in both sexes. The muscle mass was significantly associated with serum free-testosterone, physical activity, cardiovascular disease, and IGF1 in the men. In the women, the muscle mass was significantly associated with total fat mass and physical activity. Age was not associated significantly with muscle mass after controlling for these variables. Grip strength was associated with age independent of muscle mass in both sexes. Estrogen (endogenous and exogenous) was not associated with muscle mass or strength in women.Conclusions Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength occurs in relatively healthy, well-nourished elderly men and women and has a multifactorial basis. Sex hormone status is an important factor in men but not in women. Physical activity is an important predictor of muscle mass in both sexes.
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“Muscle mass significantly associated with serum-free testosterone [81] and testosterone levels decrease at a rate of approximately 1% per year after the age of 30 [82].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
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“This decline in testosterone appears to be associated, particularly in men, with a decline in muscle mass and strength [9].”
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Zhao, H., Cheng, R., Song, G., Teng, J., Shen, S., Fu, X., Yan, Y., & Liu, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315491 · Cited by 102
Visser, M., Simonsick, E. M., Colbert, L. H., Brach, J. S., Rubin, S. M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Harris, T. B., & Study, F. T. H. A. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53257.x · Cited by 102
Relation of aging and sex hormones to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease
Guarner-Lans, V., Rubio-Ruiz, M. E., Pérez-Torres, I., & Baños de MacCarthy, G. (2011) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2011.02.007 · Cited by 102
“Physical activity is an important predictor of the amount of muscle mass in both sexes (Baumgartner et al., 1999; Anisimov, 2008).”
Chronology of age-related disease definitions: Osteoporosis and sarcopenia
Bijlsma, A. Y., Meskers, C. G. M., Westendorp, R. G. J., & Maier, A. B. (2012) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.001 · Cited by 109
Fuggle, N. R., Shaw, S., Dennison, E. M., & Cooper, C. C. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2017.11.007 · Cited by 199
Hormones and the Aging Process
Morley, J. E. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51344.x · Cited by 100
Self-citationAndrogen regulation of β-amyloid protein and the risk of Alzheimer's disease
Rosario, E. R., & Pike, C. J. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.04.012 · Cited by 100
Arvandi, M., Strasser, B., Meisinger, C., Volaklis, K. A., Gothe, R. M., Siebert, U., Ladwig, K., Grill, E., Horsch, A., Laxy, M., et al. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0381-4 · Cited by 103
“Our results suggest that older women are more sensitive to muscle strength alterations throughout ageing, probably as a result of sex differences in muscle mass as well as hormonal factors [25, 26].”
ResultThe risks of sarcopenia, falls and fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sarodnik, C., Bours, S., Schaper, N. C., van den Bergh, J. P., & van Geel, T. A. C. M. (2017) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.12.011 · Cited by 101
Haren, M. T., Siddiqui, A. M., Armbrecht, H. J., Kevorkian, R. T., Kim, M. J., Haas, M. J., Mazza, A. D., Kumar, V. B., Green, M., Banks, W. A., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01061.x · Cited by 99
“Muscle mass decreases and fat mass increases with ageing and epidemiological studies have suggested that testosterone is a major determinant of this shift in body composition (Baumgartner et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopment of a bedside viable ultrasound protocol to quantify appendicular lean tissue mass
Paris, M. T., Lafleur, B., Dubin, J. A., & Mourtzakis, M. (2017) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12213 · Cited by 100
Bioavailable testosterone in men with rheumatoid arthritis--high frequency of hypogonadism
Tengstrand, B. (2002) · British journal of rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/41.3.285 · Cited by 97
MRI-defined paraspinal muscle morphology in Japanese population: The Wakayama Spine Study
Sasaki, T., Yoshimura, N., Hashizume, H., Yamada, H., Oka, H., Matsudaira, K., Iwahashi, H., Shinto, K., Ishimoto, Y., Nagata, K., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187765 · Cited by 96
The effect of sex hormones on skeletal muscle adaptation in females
Alexander, S. E., Pollock, A. C., & Lamon, S. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1921854 · Cited by 106
“Of these studies, three (n = 663 (Schaap et al., 2005), 180 (Baumgartner et al., 1999) and 175 (Grundberg et al., 2005)) found no association between estrogens (E1, E2) or genetic variations of ERα and ERβ, and muscle strength or muscle mass.”
BackgroundCurrent and Future Pharmacologic Treatment of Sarcopenia
Rolland, Y., Onder, G., Morley, J. E., Guyonnet, S., van Kan, G. A., & Vellas, B. J. (2011) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2011.03.008 · Cited by 95
“Epidemiologic studies support a relationship between low levels of testosterone in elderly men and loss of muscle mass, strength, and function.(3,4)”
BackgroundSelf-citationThomas, D. R. (2010) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2010.02.012 · Cited by 99
McDermott, M. M., Ferrucci, L., Liu, K., Guralnik, J. M., Tian, L., Kibbe, M. R., Liao, Y., Tao, H., & Criqui, M. H. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.042 · Cited by 93
Correlates of Decline in Lower Extremity Performance in Older Women: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study
Forrest, K. Y. Z., Zmuda, J. M., & Cauley, J. A. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.11.1194 · Cited by 89
“The age association may reflect a number of factors including over production of proinflammatory cytokines (9,10), declines in sex steroid hormones (11,12), and declines in growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors (13).”
BackgroundHuman Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations Following Resistance Exercise Training
Parry, H. A., Roberts, M. D., & Kavazis, A. N. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1121-7851 · Cited by 99
“Decreases in muscle strength and aerobic capacity lead to a poorer quality of life, which contributes to an increase cardiovascular disease and frailty [72, 73, 76].”
BackgroundHaynes, E. M. K., Neubauer, N., Cornett, K., O’Connor, B. P., Jones, G. R., & Jakobi, J. M. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0081 · Cited by 101
“The etiology and risk factors associated with dynapenia include reductions in muscle mass, muscle cross-sectional area, muscle quality, muscle fibre numbers, and motor unit remodelling (Baumgartner et al., 1999; Dalton et al., 2010; Foldvari et al., 2000; Frontera et al., 1991; Hunter et al., 2016; Johannesdottir et a…”
BackgroundInfluentialGender and age differences in lean soft tissue mass and sarcopenia among healthy elderly
Kirchengast, S., & Huber, J. C. (2009) · Anthropologischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1127/0003-5548/2009/0018 · Cited by 95
Holwerda, A. M., Paulussen, K. J. M., Overkamp, M., Goessens, J. P. B., Kramer, I. F., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy263 · Cited by 96
“FSR ( %/h ) = ( Em2 − Em1 Eprecursor × t ) × 100 (1)”
BackgroundAging changes in muscle mass of Japanese
Tanimoto, Y., Watanabe, M., Kono, R., Hirota, C., Takasaki, K., & Kono, K. (2010) · Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi Japanese Journal of Geriatrics · doi:10.3143/geriatrics.47.52 · Cited by 90
Chapman, I. M. (2007) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2007.06.001 · Cited by 94
Bahat, G., Saka, B., Tufan, F., Akın, S., Sivrikaya, S., Yücel, N., Erten, N., & Karan, M. A. (2010) · The Aging Male · doi:10.3109/13685538.2010.489130 · Cited by 91
“There is a well-documented relation between sarcopenia and malnutrition [3,7].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMale hypogonadism. Part II: etiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis
Seftel, A. D. (2005) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901365 · Cited by 89
Swerdloff, R. S., & Wang, C. (2004) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2004.03.011 · Cited by 88
Diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism in men
Bhasin, S., & Basaria, S. S. (2011) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.12.002 · Cited by 89
Sleep duration and sarcopenia risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
Pourmotabbed, A., Ghaedi, E., Babaei, A., Mohammadi, H., Khazaie, H., Jalili, C., Symonds, M. E., Moradi, S., & Miraghajani, M. S. (2019) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01965-6 · Cited by 91
Levocarnitine Administration in Elderly Subjects with Rapid Muscle Fatigue
Pistone, G., Marino, A. D., Leotta, C., Dell'Arte, S., Finocchiaro, G., & Malaguarnera, M. (2003) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200320100-00004 · Cited by 86
The vulnerable man: impact of testosterone deficiency on the uraemic phenotype
Carrero, J. J., & Stenvinkel, P. (2012) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfs383 · Cited by 90
“Epidemiological evidence in non-renal populations supports the relationship between age-related testosterone decline with the deterioration in muscle mass, strength and functional status [42, 43].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Baumgartner, R. N., Waters, D. L., Gallagher, D., Morley, J. E., & Garry, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morley, John E.
- Venue
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-136
- ISSN
- 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042178933
- Cited by
- 809
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 9.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG010149, AG 02049, AG 10149)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, sarcopenia, aging, older adults, sex differences, physical activity, sex hormones, free testosterone, estrone, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor I, grip strength, fat mass, cardiovascular disease, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle, Skeletal
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