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Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment
Abstract
The recent monitoring of drug residues in the aquatic environment has gained much interest as many pharmaceutical compounds can frequently be found in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents and river water at concentrations up to several microgram/l. This article describes the analysis of various water samples for 18 antibiotic substances, from the classes of macrolid antibiotics, sulfonamides, penicillins and tetracyclines. Samples were preconcentrated via lyophilization and quantified using HPLC-electrospray-tandem-mass spectrometry. The investigated STP effluents and surface water samples showed frequent appearance of an erythromycin degradation product, roxithromycin and sulfamethoxazole with concentrations up to 6 micrograms/l. Neither tetracyclines nor penicillins could be detected at concentration levels above 50 and 20 ng/l, respectively. From the large number of ground water samples that were taken from agricultural areas in Germany, no contamination by antibiotics was detected except for two sites. This indicates that intake from veterinary applications to the aquatic environment is of minor importance.
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“While Hirsch et al. (1999) and Mcardell et al. (2003) reported on the presence of antibiotics in sewage effluents in Germany and Switzerland, respectively, in Sweden, several hundred ng L 1 was measured in the effluents (Lindberg et al., 2005).”
BackgroundUptake of Veterinary Medicines from Soils into Plants
Boxall, A. B. A., Johnson, P., Smith, E. J., Sinclair, C. J., Stutt, E., & Levy, L. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf053041t · Cited by 652
Halling‐Sørensen, B., Sengeløv, G., & Tjørnelund, J. (2002) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-001-0017-2 · Cited by 626
“performed by Ternes and colleagues (Hirsch et al. 1999).”
Petrović, M., Hernando, M. D., Díaz‐Cruz, M. S., & Barceló, . (2005) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.110 · Cited by 620
Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Impact on the Terrestrial Environment
Kumar, K., Gupta, S. C., Chander, Y., & Singh, A. K. (2005) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(05)87001-4 · Cited by 637
Ecosystem response to antibiotics entering the aquatic environment
Costanzo, S. D., Murby, J., & Bates, J. R. (2004) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.038 · Cited by 605
Lindberg, R. H., Wennberg, P., Johansson, M. I., Tysklind, M., & Andersson, B. A. V. (2005) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es048143z · Cited by 586
Promoting resistance by the emission of antibiotics from hospitals and households into effluent
Kümmerer, K., & Henninger, A. (2003) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2003.00739.x · Cited by 582
The environmental side effects of medication
Boxall, A. B. A. (2004) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400307 · Cited by 606
“Not surprisingly, recent monitoringstudies have detected low levels ofa wide range of pharmaceuticals, including hormones, steroids, antibiotics and parasiticides, in soils, surface waters and groundwaters (Hirsch et al, 1999; Kolpin et al, 2002; Table 1).”
BackgroundΕvgenidou, Ε., Konstantinou, I., & Lambropoulou, D. A. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.021 · Cited by 590
Corcoran, J., Winter, M. J., & Tyler, C. R. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408440903373590 · Cited by 589
“Antibiotics are a wide-ranging group of compounds of which there are several classes with different mechanisms of action� The antibiotics include sulfonamides, penicillins, and tetracyclins, many examples of which have been detected in WWTW effluents and surface waters at ng L−1 to μg L−1 concentrations (Nakata et al�…”
BackgroundInfluentialFerrari, B. J. D., Mons, R., Vollat, B., Fraysse, B., Paxēaus, N., Giudice, R. L., Pollio, A., & Garric, J. (2004) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1897/03-246 · Cited by 590
“Amount in kg/year in Germany (1995) [40,41] 80,000 16,000 Pharmacokinetic excretion rate [40,41] 1–2% unchanged 90% as conjugates (from clofibrate) Total removal via STPs [40] 7% 51%”
BackgroundHousehold Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom
Bound, J. P., & Voulvoulis, N. (2005) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8315 · Cited by 580
“…detected acetaminophen) in the environment Antibiotics Penicillins, High volumes; detected Berger et al. 1986 sulfamethoxazole in the environment; Hirsch et al. 1999 concerns over toxicity Leff et al. 1993 and antibacterial resistance Wollenberger et al. 2000 β-Blockers Propranolol, High…”
BackgroundAntibiotics in soil and water in China–a systematic review and source analysis
Lyu, J., Yang, L., Zhang, L. H., Ye, B., & Wang, L. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115147 · Cited by 556
A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies
Balakrishna, K., Rath, A., Praveenkumarreddy, Y., Guruge, K. S., & Subedi, B. (2016) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.014 · Cited by 556
Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Manure, Soil, and Surface Waters
Christian, T., Schneider, R. J., Färber, H. A., Skutlarek, D., Meyer, M. T., & Goldbach, H. E. (2003) · Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica · doi:10.1002/aheh.200390014 · Cited by 553
Xu, W., Zhang, G., Zou, S., Li, X. D., & Liu, Y. (2006) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.038 · Cited by 544
“Human-use pharmaceuticals have been shown to reach surface waters primarily 165 via discharge of treated wastewater effluents (Hirsch et al., 1999).”
Kim, S. C., & Carlson, K. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es060737+ · Cited by 543
Excretion and ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment
Jjemba, P. K. (2005) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.11.011 · Cited by 536
McClellan, K., & Halden, R. U. (2010) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.032 · Cited by 539
Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits
Jaramillo-Llorente, M. F., & Tarquino, I. R. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9101734 · Cited by 523
“Additionally, researchers worldwide have highlighted the risks posed by high-mobility compounds, given the possible leaching that may pollute groundwater sources [131,132,134,135].”
BackgroundLen Ritter, K. S. (2002) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/152873902753338572 · Cited by 536
“Interestingly, Hirsch et al. (1999) found little evidence of groundwater contamination by pharmaceuticals in areas influenced by agriculture or when sewage was applied to fields.”
BackgroundHousehold hazardous waste in municipal landfills: contaminants in leachate
Slack, R. J., Gronow, J. R., & Voulvoulis, N. (2004) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.002 · Cited by 519
“…and ketoprofen (Heberer et al., 1997; Sacher et al., 2001); antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, dehydroerythromycin and sulfamethazine (Hartig et al., 1999; Hirsch et al., 1999); the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (Seiler et al., 1999; Schwarzbauer et al., 2002); and the h-blocker sotalol…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hirsch, R., Ternes, T., Haberer, K., & Kratz, K.-L.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 225
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 109-118
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029593210
- Cited by
- 2,140
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 113 · 2012: 124
- FWCI
- 25.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Ministry of Environment
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Keywords
- antibiotic residues, aquatic environment, sewage treatment plant effluent, surface water, groundwater contamination, sulfonamides, penicillin, tetracycline, roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, veterinary antibiotic use, agricultural land
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Environmental, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Erythromycin, Germany, Humans, Sewage, Water Pollutants, Chemical
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