Cited by 2,140Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsPesticide Residue Analysis and SafetyAntibiotic Use and Resistance

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Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment

Hirsch, Roman, Ternes, Thomas, Haberer, Klaus, Kratz, Karl-Ludwig·1999·Science of The Total Environment

DOI 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00337-4

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Abstract

The recent monitoring of drug residues in the aquatic environment has gained much interest as many pharmaceutical compounds can frequently be found in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents and river water at concentrations up to several microgram/l. This article describes the analysis of various water samples for 18 antibiotic substances, from the classes of macrolid antibiotics, sulfonamides, penicillins and tetracyclines. Samples were preconcentrated via lyophilization and quantified using HPLC-electrospray-tandem-mass spectrometry. The investigated STP effluents and surface water samples showed frequent appearance of an erythromycin degradation product, roxithromycin and sulfamethoxazole with concentrations up to 6 micrograms/l. Neither tetracyclines nor penicillins could be detected at concentration levels above 50 and 20 ng/l, respectively. From the large number of ground water samples that were taken from agricultural areas in Germany, no contamination by antibiotics was detected except for two sites. This indicates that intake from veterinary applications to the aquatic environment is of minor importance.

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Sulfamethazine and flubendazole in seepage water after the sprinkling of manured areas
Weiß, K., Schüssler, W., & Porzelt, M. (2008) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.053 · Cited by 46
Adsorption of tetracycline on La‐impregnated MCM‐41 materials
Vu, B. K., Snisarenko, O., Lee, H. S., & Shin, E. W. (2010) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330903453210 · Cited by 46
“Antibiotics are of particular concern because of their extensive use in human and veterinary medicine [2].”
Background
Development and Optimization of a HPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Diverse Pharmaceuticals in Estuarine Surface Waters
Madureira, T. V., Rocha, M. J., Cass, Q. B., & Tiritan, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Chromatographic Science · doi:10.1093/chromsci/48.3.176 · Cited by 46
“According to data previously reported, it can be assumed that FA (29), CBZ (11,12,49,50), DZ (12), PHO (51), SUM (52,53), and TMT (52) can be quantified by the HPLC–DAD method established in this work.”
MethodInfluential
Physiological effects of tetracycline antibiotic pollutants on non-target aquaticMicrocystis aeruginosa
Shang, A., Ye, J., Chen, D. H., Lu, X., Lu, H. D., Liu, C. N., & Wang, L. M. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B · doi:10.1080/03601234.2015.1058100 · Cited by 45
Occurrence, Seasonal Variation and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in Qingcaosha Reservoir
Jiang, Y., Xu, C., Wu, X., Chen, Y., Han, W., Gin, K. Y., & He, Y. (2018) · Water · doi:10.3390/w10020115 · Cited by 45
“The antibiotics taken by humans or animals cannot be fully metabolized, and consequently enter sewage or manure via excreted urine or feces [12].”
Background
Ozone microbubble-aided intensification of degradation of naproxen in a plant prototype
Patel, S., Majumder, S. K., Das, P., & Ghosh, P. (2019) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103102 · Cited by 45
Hydrometeorological Influence on Antibiotic‐Resistance Genes (ARGs) and Bacterial Community at a Recreational Beach in Korea
Jang, J., Kim, M., Baek, S., Shin, J., Shin, J., Shin, S. G., Kim, Y. M., & Cho, K. H. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123599 · Cited by 45
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment — Scope of the Book and Introduction
Kümmerer, K. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0_1 · Cited by 45
“Another important group frequently measured are the antibiotics (Hirsch et al. 1999).”
Background
Dioxins, PCBs, metals, metalloids, pesticides and antimicrobial residues in wild and farmed Australian southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii)
Padula, D. J., Daughtry, B. J., & Nowak, B. F. (2008) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.029 · Cited by 45
Microbe-mediated simultaneous nitrogen reduction and sulfamethoxazole/N-acetylsulfamethoxazole removal in lab-scale constructed wetlands
Zhang, W., Guan, A., Peng, Q., Qi, W., & Qu, J. (2023) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2023.120233 · Cited by 44
Cost-effectiveness of regenerated green materials for removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater
Gkika, D. A., Tolkou, A. K., Poulopoulos, S. G., Kalavrouziotis, I. K., & Kyzas, G. Z. (2025) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114952 · Cited by 46
Mobility of Veterinary Drugs in Soil with Application of Manure Compost
Kwon, J. (2011) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0297-9 · Cited by 44
“The frequently reported occurrence of SAs in water and soil analyses makes it possible to speculate on the mobility differences of SAs and TCs ( Hirsch et al. 1999; Marti ´nez-Carballo et al. 2007).”
Background
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the monogonont rotifer, Brachionus koreanus: Molecular characterization and expression in response to pharmaceuticals
Rhee, J., Jeong, C., Kim, B., & Lee, J. (2012) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.009 · Cited by 45
Photodegradation of Sulfamethoxazole with a Recyclable Catalyst
Gong, H., & Chu, W. (2015) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03849 · Cited by 45
Antibiotics in groundwater under locations with high livestock density in Germany
Balzer, F., Zühlke, S., & Hannappel, S. (2016) · Water Science & Technology Water Supply · doi:10.2166/ws.2016.050 · Cited by 44
In situ reduction of silver nanoparticles on hybrid polydopamine–copper phosphate nanoflowers with enhanced antimicrobial activity
Zhang, M., Peltier, R., Zhang, M., Lu, H., Bian, H., Li, Y. Y., Xu, Z., Shen, Y., Sun, H., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/c7tb00610a · Cited by 44
Photolytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in solid and aqueous environments: kinetics, phototransformation pathways, and byproducts
Lin, Y.-C., Hsiao, K.-W., & Lin, A. Y. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0666-y · Cited by 44
Functionalized magnetic nanomaterials for rapid and effective adsorptive removal of fluoroquinolones: Comprehensive experimental cum computational investigations
Malik, R., Goyal, A., Yadav, S., Gupta, N., Goel, N., Kaushik, A., Kumar, V., Tikoo, K., & Singhal, S. (2018) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.058 · Cited by 44
Treatment of simulated industrial pharmaceutical wastewater containing amoxicillin antibiotic via advanced oxidation processes
de Carvalho, J. F., & de Moraes, J. E. F. (2020) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330.2020.1745296 · Cited by 44
Titanium-based MAX-phase with sonocatalytic activity for degradation of oxytetracycline antibiotic
Haddadi, S., Khataee, A., Arefi-Oskoui, S., Vahid, B., Orooji, Y., & Yoon, Y. (2022) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106255 · Cited by 44
Multi-syringe chromatography (MSC) system for the on-line solid-phase extraction and determination of hydrochlorothiazide and losartan potassium in superficial water, groundwater and wastewater outlet samples
Obando, M. A., Estela, J. M., & Cerdà, V. (2008) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2008.05.016 · Cited by 44
Sulfonamides Leach from Sandy Loam Soils Under Common Agricultural Practice
Aust, M., Thiele‐Bruhn, S., Seeger, J., Godlinski, F., Meissner, R., & Leinweber, P. (2009) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0288-1 · Cited by 44
“Hirsch et al. 1999; Hamscher et al. 2005; Hoper et al. 2007; Stoob et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Determination of acidic pharmaceutical products and carbamazepine in roughly primary-treated wastewater by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Lajeunesse, A., & Gagnon, C. (2007) · International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/03067310701189083 · Cited by 44
Acute toxicity to freshwater organisms of antiparasitic drugs for veterinary use
Yoshimura, H., & ENDOH, Y. S. (2005) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.20078 · Cited by 44
“Animal dung is spread on cultivated fields as compost, releasing these chemicals into the environment (Ternes, 1998; Hirsch et al., 1999), and liquid excreta enter aquatic systems through sewage treatment plants (Harada, 1997).”
Background
Viral load is a negative predictor of antioxidant levels in hepatitis C patients
Grønbæk, K., Sonne, J., Ring‐Larsen, H., Poulsen, H. E., Friis, H., & Krarup, H. B. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/00365540410021027 · Cited by 43
Determination of tetracyclines in surface water by partial least squares using multivariate calibration transfer to correct the effect of solid phase preconcentration in photochemically induced fluorescence signals
Valverde, R. S., García, M. D. G., Galera, M. M., & Goicoechea, H. C. (2006) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.035 · Cited by 44
An ultrasensitive fluorescence aptasensor for chloramphenicol based on FRET between quantum dots as donor and the magnetic SiO2@Au NPs probe as acceptor with exonuclease-assisted target recycling
Miao, Y., Gan, N., Li, T., Cao, Y., Hu, F., & Chen, Y. (2015) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.09.049 · Cited by 43
Preparation of poly-o-phenylenediamine/TiO2/fly-ash cenospheres and its photo-degradation property on antibiotics
Huo, P., Yan, Y., Li, S., Li, H., & Huang, W. (2009) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.038 · Cited by 43
Chemical oxidation of sulfadiazine by the Fenton process: Kinetics, pathways, toxicity evaluation
Yang, J., Zhou, S., Xiao, A., Li, W.-J., & Ying, G. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B · doi:10.1080/03601234.2014.951572 · Cited by 43
“Hirsch et al.([5]) demonstrated the presence of dehydroerythromycin at concentrations of up to 6000 ng L in the WWTP effluents.”
Background
Development of sulfamethoxazole-imprinted polymers for the selective extraction from waters
Valtchev, M., Palm, B. S., Schiller, M., & Steinfeld, U. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.007 · Cited by 43
Survey monitoring results on the reduction of micropollutants, bacteria, bacteriophages and TSS in retention soil filters
Tondera, K., Koenen, S., & Pinnekamp, J. (2013) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2013.340 · Cited by 43
Fate and Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment (Surface Water and Sediment)
Ying, G., Zhao, J., Zhou, L., & Liu, S. (2013) · Comprehensive analytical chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00014-8 · Cited by 44
Kinetic modeling of antibiotic adsorption onto different nanomaterials using the Brouers–Sotolongo fractal equation
Al-Musawi, T. J., Brouers, F., & Zarrabi, M. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-8182-z · Cited by 43
“The presence of several types of antibiotics and their metabolites has been detected in the surface and ground water (Lindberg et al. 2004; Hirsch et al. 1999).”
Background
Sonocatalytic removal of ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole in the presence of different fly ash sources
Al-Hamadani, Y. A. J., Park, C. M., Assi, L. N., Chu, K. H., Hoque, S., Jang, M., Yoon, Y., & Ziehl, P. H. (2017) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.05.003 · Cited by 43
Iron plaque formation on wetland-plant roots accelerates removal of water-borne antibiotics
Tai, Y., Tam, N. F. Y., Wang, R., Yang, Y., Lin, J., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Li, L., & Sun, Y. (2018) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-018-3843-y · Cited by 43
Determination of 18 antibiotics in urine using LC-QqQ-MS/MS
Huang, W., Qiu, Q., Chen, M., Shi, J., Huang, X., Kong, Q., Long, D., Chen, Z., & Yan, S. (2018) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.12.019 · Cited by 43
Supported metalloporphyrins as reusable catalysts for the degradation of antibiotics: Synthesis, characterization, activity and ecotoxicity studies
Piccirillo, G., Moreira‐Santos, M., Válega, M. S. G. A., Eusébio, M. E. S., Silva, A. M. S., Ribeiro, R., Freitas, H. M. D. O., Pereira, M. M., & Calvete, M. J. F. (2020) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119556 · Cited by 41
Pharmacometabolomics Study of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Real-World Metabolism and Urinary Excretion
Hof, M. A. J., de Haan, H., Stepanovic, S., Bakker, S. J. L., Hak, E., Hopfgartner, G., Klont, F., & Investigators, T. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15070473 · Cited by 1

Authors: Hirsch, R., Ternes, T., Haberer, K., & Kratz, K.-L.
Affiliations: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
ORCID: Ternes, Thomas
Kratz, Karl-Ludwig
Venue: Science of The Total Environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1999-01
Volume: 225
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 109-118
ISSN: 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00337-4
OpenAlex: W2029593210
Cited by: 2,140
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 113 · 2012: 124
FWCI: 25.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Ministry of Environment
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Keywords: antibiotic residues, aquatic environment, sewage treatment plant effluent, surface water, groundwater contamination, sulfonamides, penicillin, tetracycline, roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, veterinary antibiotic use, agricultural land
MeSH terms: Agriculture, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Environmental, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Erythromycin, Germany, Humans, Sewage, Water Pollutants, Chemical

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