Cited by 2,140Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsPesticide Residue Analysis and SafetyAntibiotic Use and Resistance

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Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment

Hirsch, Roman, Ternes, Thomas, Haberer, Klaus, Kratz, Karl-Ludwig·1999·Science of The Total Environment

DOI 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00337-4

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Abstract

The recent monitoring of drug residues in the aquatic environment has gained much interest as many pharmaceutical compounds can frequently be found in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents and river water at concentrations up to several microgram/l. This article describes the analysis of various water samples for 18 antibiotic substances, from the classes of macrolid antibiotics, sulfonamides, penicillins and tetracyclines. Samples were preconcentrated via lyophilization and quantified using HPLC-electrospray-tandem-mass spectrometry. The investigated STP effluents and surface water samples showed frequent appearance of an erythromycin degradation product, roxithromycin and sulfamethoxazole with concentrations up to 6 micrograms/l. Neither tetracyclines nor penicillins could be detected at concentration levels above 50 and 20 ng/l, respectively. From the large number of ground water samples that were taken from agricultural areas in Germany, no contamination by antibiotics was detected except for two sites. This indicates that intake from veterinary applications to the aquatic environment is of minor importance.

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Background
The effects of tertiary wastewater treatment on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria
Guardabassi, L., Wong, D. M. A. L. F., & Dalsgaard, A. (2002) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00429-8 · Cited by 180
“Recent studies have demonstrated the occurrence of various antimicrobial agents in wastewater [3–5].”
Background
Proclivities for prevalence and treatment of antibiotics in the ambient water: a review
Bhagat, C., Kumar, M., Tyagi, V. K., & Mohapatra, P. K. (2020) · npj Clean Water · doi:10.1038/s41545-020-00087-x · Cited by 187
Microcosm evaluation of the effects of an eight pharmaceutical mixture to the aquatic macrophytes Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum sibiricum
Brain, R. A., Johnson, D. J., Richards, S. M., Hanson, M. L., Sanderson, H., Lam, M. W., Young, C. J., Mabury, S. A., Sibley, P. K., & Solomon, K. R. (2004) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.06.011 · Cited by 179
Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment of Jianghan Plain, central China
Tong, L., Huang, S., Wang, Y., Liu, H., & Li, M. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.068 · Cited by 180
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: an examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
Kookana, R. S., Williams, M., Boxall, A. B. A., Larsson, D. G. J., Gaw, S., Choi, K., Yamamoto, H., Thatikonda, S., Zhu, Y., & Carriquiriborde, P. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0586 · Cited by 184
“A range of APIs have been detected in different environmental compartments over the years [19–22].”
Background
Concentrations and mobility of human pharmaceuticals in the world's largest wastewater irrigation system, Mexico City–Mezquital Valley
Siemens, J., Huschek, G., Siebe, C., & Kaupenjohann, M. (2007) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.019 · Cited by 191
Sulfamethoxazole biodegradation and biotransformation in the water–sediment system of a natural river
Xu, B., Mao, D., Luo, Y., & Xu, L. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.086 · Cited by 186
Photo-removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by photolytic and photocatalytic processes in a batch reactor under UV-C radiation (λmax=254nm)
Nasuhoglu, D., Yargeau, V., & Berk, D. (2010) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.080 · Cited by 178
An overview of sample preparation procedures for LC-MS multiclass antibiotic determination in environmental and food samples
Moreno‐Bondi, M. C., Marazuela, M. D., Herranz, S., & Rodríguez-Cavallo, E. (2009) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-009-2920-8 · Cited by 178
Effects of streptomycin on growth of algae Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa
Qian, H., Li, J., Pan, X., Sun, Z., Ye, C., Jin, G., & Fu, Z. (2010) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.20636 · Cited by 177
“Antibiotics were usually detected in the ng L21 to lg L21 range in surface water (Hirsch et al., 1999; Sarmah et al., 2006).”
Background
Gas chromatographic determination of 2‑hydroxy‑4‑methoxybenzophenone and octyldimethyl‑p‑aminobenzoic acid sunscreen agents in swimming pool and bathing waters by solid-phase microextraction
Lambropoulou, D. A., Giokas, D. L., Sakkas, V. A., Albanis, T. A., & Karayannis, M. I. (2002) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00781-1 · Cited by 177
The occurrence of selected antibiotics in Hong Kong coastal waters
Gulkowska, A., He, Y., So, M. K., Yeung, L. W. Y., Leung, H. W., Giesy, J. P., Lam, P. K. S., Martin, M., & Richardson, B. J. (2007) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.008 · Cited by 177
“Many researchers have demonstrated the incomplete removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment processes (Daughton and Ternes, 1999; Hirsch et al., 1999; Öllers et al., 2001; Stumpf et al., 1999; Ternes, 1998); in addition, the high water solubility and poor degradability of antibiotics enhances their passag…”
Background
Antibacterial agents and heavy metal resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from seawater, shrimp and sediment in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey
Matyar, F., KAYA, A., & Dinçer, S. (2008) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.014 · Cited by 176
“Many antibiotics persist in the sediment, and elsewhere in the aquatic environment, for several months following administration (Pouliquen and Le, 1996; Hirsch et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in hospital and municipal wastewaters in Coimbra by liquid chromatography with a monolithic column and fluorescence detection
Seifrtová, M., Pena, A., Lino, C. M., & Solich, P. (2008) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-008-2020-1 · Cited by 175
Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in marine sediments in the Todos os Santos Bay and the north coast of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Beretta, M., Britto, V., Tavares, T. M., da Silva, S. M. T., & Pletsch, A. L. (2014) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-014-0884-6 · Cited by 175
“Thus, a large part of these drugs are eliminated in their original form and released into waterbodies, either in sewage, or in rainwater drainage from regions with animal production (Hirsch et al. 1999; Kulshrestha et al. 2004).”
Background
Irrigation Water Quality—A Contemporary Perspective
Malakar, A., Snow, D. D., & Ray, C. (2019) · Water · doi:10.3390/w11071482 · Cited by 194
“The occurrence of persistent antibiotic residues in various water sources [61,62] is well documented which not only includes municipal [63,64], agricultural [65,66] and hospital sewage [67,68] but also groundwater [69] and surface water [70–72].”
Background
Amoxicillin-degradation products formed under controlled environmental conditions: Identification and determination in the aquatic environment
Gozlan, I., Rotstein, A., & Avisar, D. (2013) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.095 · Cited by 189
“Worldwide investigations of this potential risk have led to the detection of pharmaceuticals, particularly antibiotics in wastewater (Hirsch et al., 1999; Heberer, 2002), surface water (Kolpin et al.”
Background
A critical assessment of the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments: defining our current understanding and identifying knowledge gaps
Challis, J. K., Hanson, M. L., Friesen, K. J., & Wong, C. S. (2014) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c3em00615h · Cited by 181
Biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole by individual and mixed bacteria
Larcher, S., & Yargeau, V. (2011) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3257-8 · Cited by 173
“…to 200,000 t annually, and due to excretion (which can reach up to 90% of the ingested amount both as the original parent compound or as metabolites) and disposal, up to microgram per liter levels have been detected in raw wastewater (Hirsch et al. 1999; Kümmerer 2009a, b, c; Perez et al. 2005).”
Background
Degradation of macrolide antibiotics by ozone: A mechanistic case study with clarithromycin
Lange, F., Cornelissen, S., Kubáč, D., Sein, M. M., von Sonntag, J., Hannich, C. B., Golloch, A., Heipieper, H. J., Möder, M., & von Sonntag, C. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.014 · Cited by 173
“Excretion rates of unchanged macrolide antibiotics are high (>60%) (Hirsch et al., 1999).”
Background
Determination of the persistence of pharmaceuticals in biosolids using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Chenxi, W., Spongberg, A. L., & Witter, J. D. (2008) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.026 · Cited by 174
“Here erythromycin-H2O is monitored since erythromycin is known to dehydrate quickly under acidic condition (Hirsch et al., 1999).”
Background
Advances in Water Treatment and Pollution Prevention
Sharma, S. K., & Sanghi, R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4204-8 · Cited by 176
“The most commonly used coagulant in wastewater treatment is ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferric sulphate (Fe2(SO4)3), aluminium sulphate (Al(SO4)3), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), polyaluminium chloride (PACl), lime, and alum [122, 123].”
Method
Household disposal of pharmaceuticals and perception of risk to the environment
Bound, J. P., Kitsou, K., & Voulvoulis, N. (2005) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2005.09.006 · Cited by 175
Occurrence of antibiotics residues in hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant, and in surface water in Nairobi County, Kenya
Ngigi, A. N., Magu, M. M., & Muendo, B. M. (2019) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7952-8 · Cited by 181
Gamma irradiation of pharmaceutical compounds, nitroimidazoles, as a new alternative for water treatment
Sánchez‐Polo, M., López‐Peñalver, J. J., Prados-Joya, G., Ferro-Garcı́a, M. A., & Rivera-Utrilla, J. (2009) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.033 · Cited by 170
Pathogens and antibiotic residues in animal manures and hygienic and ecological risks related to subsequent land application
Venglovský, J., Sasáková, N., & Plachá, I. (2009) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.068 · Cited by 174
Acute toxicity of oxytetracycline and florfenicol to the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii and to the crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica
Ferreira, C. S. G., Nunes, B., Almeida, J. M., & Guilhermino, L. M. (2007) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.10.006 · Cited by 171
“Antibiotics are of particular concern since they are extensively used in aquaculture where they may be applied directly into the water or be incorporated in the food (Hirsch et al., 1999; Shao, 2001).”
Background
Oxidation of Antibiotics during Water Treatment with Potassium Permanganate: Reaction Pathways and Deactivation
Hu, L., Stemig, A. M., Wammer, K. H., & Strathmann, T. J. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es104234m · Cited by 169
Progress of research on the toxicology of antibiotic pollution in aquatic organisms
Liu, L., Wu, W., Zhang, J., Lv, P., Xu, L., & Yan, Y. (2018) · Acta Ecologica Sinica · doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.01.006 · Cited by 176
Determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental waters by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry
Hao, C., Lissemore, L. I., Nguyen, B., Kleywegt, S. M., Yang, P., & Solomon, K. R. (2005) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-005-0199-y · Cited by 171
Tetracycline Residues and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Groundwater Impacted by Swine Production Facilities
Mackie, R. I., Koike, S., Krapac, I. G., Chee‐Sanford, J. C., Maxwell, S., & Aminov, R. I. (2006) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495390600956953 · Cited by 178
“Groundwater constitutes about 40% of the water used for public supply and provides drinking water for more than 97% of the rural population (33).”
Background
Diclofenac removal from water with ozone and activated carbon
Beltrán, F. J., Pocostales, J. P., Álvarez, P. M., & Oropesa, A. L. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.033 · Cited by 176
“(6) was checked with the experimental esults obtained in this work.”
Method
Selection of organic process and source indicator substances for the anthropogenically influenced water cycle
Jekel, M. R., Dott, W., Bergmann, A., Dünnbier, U., Gnirß, R., Haist-Gulde, B., Hamscher, G., Letzel, M., Licha, T., Lyko, S., et al. (2015) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.025 · Cited by 175
“Certain sulfonamides have been found in surface water and groundwater despite strong retention in the top layer of soil (Hirsch et al., 1999; Lindsey et al., 2001; Hamscher et al., 2005).”
Determination of pharmaceutical residues in waters by solid-phase extraction and large-volume on-line derivatization with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Lin, W.-C., Chen, H., & Ding, W.-H. (2005) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.081 · Cited by 171
Spatial and seasonal variations of antibiotics in river waters in the Haihe River Catchment in China and ecotoxicological risk assessment
Lei, K., Zhu, Y. B., Chen, W., Pan, H., Cao, Y.-X., Zhang, X., Guo, B., Sweetman, A. J., Lin, C., Ouyang, W., et al. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.104919 · Cited by 168

Authors: Hirsch, R., Ternes, T., Haberer, K., & Kratz, K.-L.
Affiliations: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
ORCID: Ternes, Thomas
Kratz, Karl-Ludwig
Venue: Science of The Total Environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1999-01
Volume: 225
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 109-118
ISSN: 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00337-4
OpenAlex: W2029593210
Cited by: 2,140
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 113 · 2012: 124
FWCI: 25.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Ministry of Environment
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Keywords: antibiotic residues, aquatic environment, sewage treatment plant effluent, surface water, groundwater contamination, sulfonamides, penicillin, tetracycline, roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, veterinary antibiotic use, agricultural land
MeSH terms: Agriculture, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Environmental, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Erythromycin, Germany, Humans, Sewage, Water Pollutants, Chemical

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Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment

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