Selective prefrontal cortical projections to the region of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei in the rhesus monkey
Abstract
Descending cortical projections to the region of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and the serotonergic dorsal and central superior raphe nuclei were analyzed in the rhesus monkey using anterograde labeling techniques. HRP pellets or tritiated leucine were injected into one of 7 cortical areas: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the orbital prefrontal cortex, the parietal association cortex, somatosensory cortex, the anterior portion of the inferior temporal gyrus, and the posterior portion of the inferior temporal gyrus. Anterogradely labeled fibers were found in and adjacent to the LC and raphe nuclei only following the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortical injections. Terminal labeling was densest at rostral levels of the LC, particularly in the area directly medial to the nucleus. Labeled fibers could not be followed beyond caudal levels of the LC. The projections to the contralateral LC and raphe nuclei were similar to, but less dense than that to the ipsilateral region. Injections into cortical areas other than the dorsal prefrontal cortex resulted in anterograde labeling of the pontine nuclei or pyramids, but not the LC/raphe region. These data, in conjunction with studies in the rat, suggest that the dorsal prefrontal cortex may be the only cortical area to have direct influence on the LC and raphe nuclei and secondary influence on the monoaminergic innervation of large areas of cerebral cortex.
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Descending projections from the PFC provide an inhibitory influence over lower brain structures involved in emotionality, such as the amygdala, dorsal raphe, and hypothalamus.
“Descending projections from the PFC appear to provide an inhibitory influence over lower brain structures involved in emotionality, such as the amygdala, dorsal raphe and hypothalamus (Arnsten and Goldman-Rakic [428]; Sesack and Pickel [429]; Rempel-Clower and Barbas [430]; Hajós et al. [431]; Quirk and Gehlert [432]; Quirk et al. [433]; Milad et al. [434]; Likhtik et al. [379]; Amat et al. [388”
From The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law (2007) · cites this paper as Arnsten and Goldman-Rakic [428]
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- Authors
- Arnsten, A. F. T., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arnsten, A.F.T.
- ORCID
- Arnsten, A.F.T.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1984-07
- Volume
- 306
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 9-18
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2087963213
- Cited by
- 333
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, descending projections, noradrenergic system, serotonergic system, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, rhesus monkeys, anterograde tracing, monoaminergic innervation, inferior temporal gyrus, somatosensory cortex, parietal association cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Stem, Cats, Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Frontal Lobe, Locus Coeruleus, Macaca mulatta, Neural Pathways, Parietal Lobe, Raphe Nuclei, Temporal Lobe, Rats
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