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The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries.
Abstract
This paper estimates the disease burden and loss of economic output associated with chronic diseases-mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes-in 23 selected countries which account for around 80% of the total burden of chronic disease mortality in developing countries. In these 23 selected low-income and middle-income countries, chronic diseases were responsible for 50% of the total disease burden in 2005. For 15 of the selected countries where death registration data are available, the estimated age-standardised death rates for chronic diseases in 2005 were 54% higher for men and 86% higher for women than those for men and women in high-income countries. If nothing is done to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, an estimated US$84 billion of economic production will be lost from heart disease, stroke, and diabetes alone in these 23 countries between 2006 and 2015. Achievement of a global goal for chronic disease prevention and control-an additional 2% yearly reduction in chronic disease death rates over the next 10 years-would avert 24 million deaths in these countries, and would save an estimated $8 billion, which is almost 10% of the projected loss in national income over the next 10 years.
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“Epidemiological transitions are defined by a shift from a heavy burden of infectious diseases to a major prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)”
From Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“which currently account for about 80% of all deaths worldwide”
From Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“and are thus closely connected to the ageing of the populations – i.e. the demographic transition [3]”
From Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Olatona, F. A., Adeniyi, D. B., Obrutu, O. E., & Ogunyemi, A. O. (2023) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v23i1.76 · Cited by 11
Basto-Abreu, A. C., Carnalla, M., Reyes-Sánchez, F., Reyes-García, A., Haby, M. M., Junquera-Badilla, I., Sartoris-Ayala, L., Rivera, J. Á., Popkin, B. M., & Barrientos‐Gutiérrez, T. (2024) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004394 · Cited by 11
Xie, Z., Wu, Z., Sun, W., Chen, H., Zhang, W., Li, Y., Niu, Q., Li, H., Guo, H., Ma, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119445 · Cited by 11
Tan, H., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y. J., Yang, K., Zeng, Y., Xiao, Z., Li, G., Li, Y., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1611227 · Cited by 15
“These regions face dual challenges: rising exposure to obesogenic environments driven by urbanization, alongside limited healthcare infrastructure, weak surveillance systems, and insufficient public health investments (46, 47).”
"Diabetes Associated Genes from the Dark Matter of the Human Proteome"
Narayanan, R. (2014) · MOJ Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.15406/mojpb.2014.01.00020 · Cited by 10
Predictors of body composition changes during tuberculosis treatment in Mwanza, Tanzania
PrayGod, G., Range, N. S., Faurholt‐Jepsen, D., Jeremiah, K., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Aabye, M. G., Magnussen, P., Changalucha, J. M., Andersen, Å. B., Wells, J. C. K., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.37 · Cited by 11
Harhay, M. O., Harhay, J. S., & Nair, M. M. (2012) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2012.11.004 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, while chronic diseases such as CVD, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes accounted for 60% (35 million) of all deaths worldwide in 2005, 80% of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries [7].”
Cui, H., He, H., Yang, A., Zhou, H.-J., Tang, T., & Luo, J. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1279752 · Cited by 11
“Due to unsatisfactory therapeutic effectiveness, the burden of ICH is increasing worldwide, particularly in middle- and low-income countries [2,3].”
BackgroundConstrução participativa da Política Estadual de Promoção de Saúde: caso de Minas Gerais, Brasil
Campos, D. S., Turci, M. A., de Melo, E. M., Guerra, V. D. A., Nascimento, C. G. M., Moreira, C. A., Paschoal, E. M., Beltrão, N. R. M., & Silva, K. R. (2017) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-812320172212.25062017 · Cited by 11
Igwesi-Chidobe, C. N., Kengne, A. P., Sorinola, I. O., & Godfrey, E. L. (2018) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihy013 · Cited by 11
Amiri, Z. S., Khajedaluee, M., Rezai, A., & Dadgarmoghaddam, M. (2018) · Electronic physician · doi:10.19082/7164 · Cited by 12
Psychiatric Disorders in Women Seeking Fertility Treatments: A Clinical Investigation in India.
Patel, A., Sharma, P. S. V. N., & Kumar, P. (2020) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.22074/ijfs.2020.5759 · Cited by 11
Fideles, I. C., Akutsu, R. D. C. C. D. A., Costa, P. R. D. F., Souza, J. C., Botelho, R. B. A., & Zandonadi, R. P. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12083467 · Cited by 11
“In this sense, in Brazil, studies with low-income people showed an increase in overweightness/obesity related to the diets’ poor nutritional quality [39,60].”
BackgroundChronic diseases: An added burden to income and expenses of chronically-ill people in Sri Lanka
Jayathilaka, R., Joachim, S., Mallikarachchi, V., Perera, N., & Ranawaka, D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239576 · Cited by 11
“Gender World Health Organization [1], Sultana, Mahumud [4], Abegunde, Mathers [11], Lan, Zhou [14], Malon, Shah [27], Costa-Font and Gil [33], Jayasinghe [34], Peek, Drum [35]”
BackgroundMehmood, K., Moin, A., Hussain, T., Rizvi, S. M. D., Gowda, D., Shakil, S., & Kamal, M. (2021) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/s12223-021-00926-5 · Cited by 11
Six essential roles of health promotion research centres: the Atlantic Canada experience
Langille, L. L., Crowell, S. J., & Lyons, R. (2008) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dap001 · Cited by 11
“The prevention of chronic illness, a longstanding goal of health promotion, is critically needed as chronic illness is now the main cause of both death and disability worldwide (Abegunde et al., 2007; WHO, 2008).”
BackgroundSubstantial Life Extension and the Fair Distribution of Healthspans
Wareham, C. S. (2016) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jhw021 · Cited by 11
Kabir, A., & Maitrot, M. R. L. (2018) · Cogent Medicine · doi:10.1080/2331205x.2018.1468233 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, the poor in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have relatively inadequate access to health-care services and are thus placed in a disadvantageous position.”
BackgroundInfluentialBadham, J. (2012) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12003 · Cited by 11
“…child’s second birthday) has been placed under the spotlight and the negative impact of poverty and undernutrition on the growing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases is also gaining visibility on the global health and development agenda (Abegunde et al. 2007; Victora et al. 2008; UNICEF 2012).”
BackgroundMalta, D. C., Teixeira, R. A., Cardoso, L. S. D. M., de Souza, J. B., Bernal, R. T. I., Pinheiro, P. C., Gomes, C. S., Leyland, A. H., Dundas, R., & Barreto, M. L. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720230002.supl.1 · Cited by 10
“Isfahan Healthy Heart Program”: A Practical Model of Implementation in a Developing Country
Sarrafzadegan, N., Laatikainen, T. K., Mohammadifard, N., Fadhel, I., Yach, D., & Puska, P. (2018) · Progress in Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1097/pp9.0000000000000014 · Cited by 10
Akena, D. H., Okello, E. S., Simoni, J. M., & Wagner, G. J. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05301-7 · Cited by 10
Ebrahimoghli, R., Janati, A., Sadeghi‐Bazargani, H., & Hamishehkar, H. (2020) · Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology · doi:10.1007/s10742-020-00232-6 · Cited by 10
Li, Y., Li, X., Yu, B., Li, J., He, R., Nima, Q., & Zhou, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.874456 · Cited by 10
“At the macro level, PA helps to reduce the disease burden and loss of economic output associated with the treatment of chronic disease complications, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (8).”
BackgroundCardiovascular prevention and international health: time for action
Browne, J. L., & Grobbee, D. E. (2011) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/1741826711414116 · Cited by 10
“Eight out of ten of these occurred in low-and middle-income countries.(1) The main causes of chronic disease mortality are cardiovascular disease (30% of all deaths), cancer (13%), chronic respiratory diseases (7%) and diabetes mellitus (2%).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Abegunde, D. O., Mathers, C. D., Adam, T., Ortegon, M., & Strong, K.
- Affiliations
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Mathers, Colin D
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 370
- Issue
- 9603
- Pages
- 1929-1938
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W1987313755
- Cited by
- 1,603
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 115 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 10.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Global Health Care Issues
- Keywords
- chronic disease, disease burden, economic cost of illness, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes mellitus, low-income countries, middle-income countries, sex differences in mortality, mortality averted, chronic disease prevention, global health goals
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Registries, Global Health, Cost of Illness, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
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