Cited by 2,129Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory and Neural MechanismsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex

Cardinal, Rudolf N., Parkinson, John A., Hall, Jeremy, Everitt, Barry J.·2002·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00007-6

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Abstract

Emotions are multifaceted, but a key aspect of emotion involves the assessment of the value of environmental stimuli. This article reviews the many psychological representations, including representations of stimulus value, which are formed in the brain during Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning tasks. These representations may be related directly to the functions of cortical and subcortical neural structures. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) appears to be required for a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) to gain access to the current value of the specific unconditioned stimulus (US) that it predicts, while the central nucleus of the amygdala acts as a controller of brainstem arousal and response systems, and subserves some forms of stimulus-response Pavlovian conditioning. The nucleus accumbens, which appears not to be required for knowledge of the contingency between instrumental actions and their outcomes, nevertheless influences instrumental behaviour strongly by allowing Pavlovian CSs to affect the level of instrumental responding (Pavlovian-instrumental transfer), and is required for the normal ability of animals to choose rewards that are delayed. The prelimbic cortex is required for the detection of instrumental action-outcome contingencies, while insular cortex may allow rats to retrieve the values of specific foods via their sensory properties. The orbitofrontal cortex, like the BLA, may represent aspects of reinforcer value that govern instrumental choice behaviour. Finally, the anterior cingulate cortex, implicated in human disorders of emotion and attention, may have multiple roles in responding to the emotional significance of stimuli and to errors in performance, preventing responding to inappropriate stimuli.

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Authors: Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: Everitt, Barry J.
ORCID: Cardinal, Rudolf N.
Parkinson, John A.
Everitt, Barry J.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-05
Volume: 26
Issue: 3
Pages: 321-352
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00007-6
OpenAlex: W2017934537
Semantic Scholar: a1edf93651abbb2825ae875fb485a83f83854a40
Cited by: 2,129
References: 397
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 121 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 114
FWCI: 7.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: emotions, motivation, stimulus value, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, basolateral amygdala, central amygdala, nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, prelimbic cortex, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, reward choice, action-outcome contingency, error detection
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Basal Ganglia, Conditioning, Classical, Emotions, Humans, Motivation, Prefrontal Cortex

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Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex

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