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Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex
Abstract
Emotions are multifaceted, but a key aspect of emotion involves the assessment of the value of environmental stimuli. This article reviews the many psychological representations, including representations of stimulus value, which are formed in the brain during Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning tasks. These representations may be related directly to the functions of cortical and subcortical neural structures. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) appears to be required for a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) to gain access to the current value of the specific unconditioned stimulus (US) that it predicts, while the central nucleus of the amygdala acts as a controller of brainstem arousal and response systems, and subserves some forms of stimulus-response Pavlovian conditioning. The nucleus accumbens, which appears not to be required for knowledge of the contingency between instrumental actions and their outcomes, nevertheless influences instrumental behaviour strongly by allowing Pavlovian CSs to affect the level of instrumental responding (Pavlovian-instrumental transfer), and is required for the normal ability of animals to choose rewards that are delayed. The prelimbic cortex is required for the detection of instrumental action-outcome contingencies, while insular cortex may allow rats to retrieve the values of specific foods via their sensory properties. The orbitofrontal cortex, like the BLA, may represent aspects of reinforcer value that govern instrumental choice behaviour. Finally, the anterior cingulate cortex, implicated in human disorders of emotion and attention, may have multiple roles in responding to the emotional significance of stimuli and to errors in performance, preventing responding to inappropriate stimuli.
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“The core of the nucleus accumbens is an important anatomical substrate for motivated behavior17,18 and has been specifically implicated as a site where dopamine acts to mediate the acquisition and/or performance of Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior19–22.”
From A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning (2011) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Based on anatomical, physiological, immunohistochemical and pharmacological studies with rats, primates, and humans (e.g., Cardinal et al., 2002, Koya et al., 2009, Pennartz et al., 1994, Voorn et al., 1989), the VS does not behave as a monolithic structure and may therefore consist of spatially distinct ensembles of neurons with specific functional roles (Kalenscher et al., 2010).”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Cardinal et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with the different functions associated with distinct regions of the striatum: afferent projections to dorsal striatum are thought to be crucial for learning correct actions so as to maximize reward, whereas projections to ventral striatum, including nucleus accumbens, have a key function in reward prediction and pavlovian learning18-20,23,24.”
From Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others (2006) · cites this paper as [18]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Everitt, Barry J.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 321-352
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017934537
- Semantic Scholar
- a1edf93651abbb2825ae875fb485a83f83854a40
- Cited by
- 2,129
- References
- 397
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 121 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 114
- FWCI
- 7.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, motivation, stimulus value, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, basolateral amygdala, central amygdala, nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, prelimbic cortex, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, reward choice, action-outcome contingency, error detection
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Basal Ganglia, Conditioning, Classical, Emotions, Humans, Motivation, Prefrontal Cortex
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