Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures.
Abstract
Reliable and valid measures of pain are essential for conducting research on chronic pain. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to compare the reliability and validity of several measures of pain intensity. One hundred twenty-three patients with chronic pain were administered telephone interview versions of 0-10 scales of current, worst, least and average pain, immediately prior to beginning a multidisciplinary treatment program. The measures were administered again to these subjects 2 weeks (n=108), 1 month (n=106) and 2 months (n=105) after the end of treatment. The validity (defined as ability to detect changes in pain intensity over the course of treatment up to the 2-month follow-up assessment) and reliability (defined as stability over time in the 2 months after treatment) of these four measures and of composite combinations of these measures were examined. Contrary to prediction, the composite measures did not show a statistically significant superiority to the individual ratings in terms of their ability to detect change in pain intensity from pre-treatment to various points after treatment. The composite scores did, however, show greater stability than did the individual ratings after treatment. The practical conclusions of this study are; (1), individual 0-10 pain intensity ratings have sufficient psychometric strengths to be used in chronic pain research, especially research that involves group comparison designs with relatively large sample sizes, but, (2), composites of 0-10 ratings may be more useful when maximal reliability is necessary, (e.g. in studies with relatively small sample sizes, or in clinical settings where monitoring of changes in pain intensity in individuals is needed).
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The SOPA-32 is a well-validated 32-item measure with seven subscales that measure strength of endorsement of pain-related beliefs.
“The SOPA-32 is a well-validated 32-item measure with seven subscales that measure strength of endorsement of pain-related beliefs”
From An Online Self-help CBT Intervention for Chronic Lower Back Pain (2012) · cites this paper as [40]
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“This method of assessing pain severity has good psychometric properties and has been used in numerous studies (Jensen et al., 1999).”
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Hord, E. D., Evans, M. S., Mueed, S., Adamolekun, B., & Naritoku, D. K. (2003) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2003.08.001 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
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Responsiveness of visual analogue and McGill pain scale measures
Scrimshaw, S. V., & Maher, C. G. (2001) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mmt.2001.118208 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Fernández‐Carnero, J., Touche, R. L., Ortega‐Santiago, R., Galán-del-Río, F., Pesquera, J., Ge, H., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2010) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.1151 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Measurement of pain using the visual numeric scale.
Ritter, P. L., González, V., Laurent, D. D., & Lorig, K. R. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Copay, A. G., Eyberg, B. A., Chung, A. S., Zurcher, K. S., Chutkan, N. B., & Spangehl, M. J. (2018) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00160 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Bennell, K. L., Matthews, B. L., Greig, A. M., Briggs, A. M., Kelly, A. M., Sherburn, M., Larsen, J. A., & Wark, J. D. (2010) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-36 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Numeric rating scales have established clinimetric properties in back pain [16] and a change of at least 2 points is thought to represent a clinically meaningful improvement [17,18].”
BackgroundFernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Ge, H., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Cuadrado, M. L., & Pareja, J. A. (2006) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.07.005 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“…of both local pain, defined as pain located around the compression site, and referred pain, defined as pain located outside the local pain area evoked by TrP compression, was scored on a 10-cm horizontal visual analogue scale (Jensen et al., 1999) (VAS; range: 0 = no pain, to 10 = maximum pain).”
Rusu, A. C., Kreddig, N., Hallner, D., Hülsebusch, J., & Hasenbring, M. I. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-280 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“’s recommendations [28], pain intensity was assessed by a numerical rating scale (NRS) that ranged from 0 (‘no pain at all’) to 10 (‘extremely painful’).”
MethodSelf-perceived burden in chronic pain: Relevance, prevalence, and predictors
Kowal, J., Wilson, K. G., McWilliams, L. A., Péloquin, K., & Duong, D. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.05.009 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
DePuy, V., Anstrom, K. J., Castel, L. D., Schulman, K. A., Weinfurt, K. P., & Fred Saad, C. (2007) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-006-0203-x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Such composite pain ratings have greater stability than individual pain ratings and are the preferred method for scoring pain intensity [12].”
MethodGeorge, S. Z., Lentz, T. A., Zeppieri, G., Lee, D. P. H., & Chmielewski, T. L. (2011) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31822363f4 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“These 3 conditions were also summed and then the mean of the 3 conditions was reported as the “composite” pain intensity.(14) Knee function was assessed with the 18-item International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective form.”
DANIELS, J. P. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1268 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“53) [17-64] 30.”
Postsurgical pain outcome assessment
Jensen, M. P., Chen, C., & Brugger, A. M. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00063-5 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“larger F values or lower P values as indicating greater sensitivity) as a measure of relative sensitivity is a common method for evaluating pain measures (e.g. Seymour, 1982; Littman et al., 1985; Melzack, 1987; Max et al., 1988; Jensen et al., 1999).”
Bork, K., Meng, G., Staubach, P., & Hardt, J. (2005) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00602.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“We used a pain score ranging from 1 to 10 points (1 = very mild pain; 10 = extremely severe pain, unbearable pain).(31,32) Attacks were assigned into three different groups: 1 to 4 points, mild pain during attacks; 5 to 7 points, moderate pain; 8 to 10 points, severe to extremely severe pain.”
MethodGeorge, S. Z., Zeppieri, G., Cere, A. L., Cere, M. R., Borut, M. S., Hodges, M. J., Reed, D. M., Valencia, C., & Robinson, M. E. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.029 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Opiate self-administration as a measure of chronic nociceptive pain in arthritic rats
Colpaert, F. C., Tarayre, J. P., Aliaga, M., Slot, L. A. B., Attal, N., & Koek, W. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00413-9 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“These ̄uctuations have similarly led to analytical techniques whereby clinical data are cumulated over several days in order to enhance the reliability and validity of the measurement of pain intensity in chronic pain patients (Jensen and McFarland, 1993; Bolton, 1999; Jensen et al., 1999; Spierings et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSaavedra-Hernández, M., Castro‐Sánchez, A. M., Arroyo‐Morales, M., Cleland, J. A., Lara‐Palomo, I. C., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2012) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.4086 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Galán-del-Río, F., Alonso‐Blanco, C., Jiménez‐García, R., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., & Svensson, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.03.005 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Zgierska, A. E., Burzinski, C. A., Cox, J., Kloke, J. D., Stegner, A. J., Cook, D. B., Singles, J. M., Mirgain, S. A., Coe, C. L., & Bačkonja, M. (2016) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnw006 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Obesity and the Impact of Chronic Pain
Marcus, D. A. (2004) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200405000-00009 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“9 in clinically depressed chronic pain patients.(30) Novy et al similarly reported higher BDI levels in chronic pain patients, with a mean of 15.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDevelopment and validation of the Pain Outcomes Questionnaire-VA
Clark, M. E., Gironda, R. J., & Young, R. W. (2003) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2003.09.0381 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Martínez-de-la-Casa, J. M., Garcia-Feijoo, J., Castillo, A., Matilla, M. T., Macias, J. M. P., Benitez-del-Castillo, J. M., & Garcia-Sanchez, J. (2004) · Eye · doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700695 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Janda, A. M., As‐Sanie, S., Rajala, B., Tsodikov, A., Moser, S. E., Clauw, D. J., & Brummett, C. M. (2015) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000637 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Ryu, S., Deshmukh, S., Timmerman, R. D., Movsas, B., Gerszten, P. C., Yin, F.-F., Dicker, A. P., Abraham, C. D., Zhong, J., Shiao, S. L., et al. (2023) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.0356 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of fear-avoidance and pain intensity: the paradox of chronic pain
Kroska, E. B. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.06.011 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Spadoni, G. F., Stratford, P. W., Solomon, P. E., & Wishart, L. R. (2004) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.34.4.187 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
González-Iglesias, J., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Cleland, J. A., Alburquerque‐Sendín, F., Palomeque-del-Cerro, L., & Sánchez, R. M. (2008) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2008.04.006 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Pain, Depression, and Fatigue in Community-Dwelling Adults With and Without a History of Cancer
Reyes‐Gibby, C. C., Aday, L. A., Anderson, K. O., Mendoza, T. R., & Cleeland, C. S. (2006) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.01.008 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Albert-Sanchís, J. C., Buil, M., Benítez-Martínez, J. C., & Alburquerque‐Sendín, F. (2008) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2008.2598 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Muñoz-Muñoz, S., Muñoz-García, M. T., Alburquerque-Sendín, F., Arroyo-Morales, M., & Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C. (2012) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.09.003 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Reports of Chronic Pain in Childhood and Adolescence Among Patients at a Tertiary Care Pain Clinic
Hassett, A. L., Hilliard, P. E., Goesling, J., Clauw, D. J., Harte, S. E., & Brummett, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.06.010 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A Framework for Assessment in Oncology Rehabilitation
Gilchrist, L. S., Galantino, M. L., Wampler, M. A., Marchese, V. G., Morris, G. S., & Ness, K. K. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20070309 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of auditory and somatosensory cortices for treatment of tinnitus and pain
Ridder, D. D., Mulder, G. D., Menovsky, T., Sunaert, S. G., & Kovacs, S. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)66036-1 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., Romano, J. M., & Fisher, L. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jensen, Mark P
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 1999-11
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-162
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2009568727
- Cited by
- 1,247
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 6.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01 31683)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- chronic pain, pain intensity assessment, reliability statistics, validity, multidisciplinary pain management, longitudinal change detection
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Analgesics, Analysis of Variance, Chronic Disease, Counseling, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Therapy, Pain, Pain Measurement, Patient Care Team, Psychotherapy, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Physical Therapy Modalities, Pain Management
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