Cited by 1,279Impact of Technology on AdolescentsSexuality, Behavior, and TechnologyGender and Technology in Education

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Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument

Caplan, Scott E·2002·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3

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“CBT framework has widely been applied in a different context to find out cultural influences [11], certain behavioural outcomes as problematic Internet use [12,13], Internet gaming disorder [14] and to investigate academic anxiety [15].”
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Thomas, M. F., Dörfler, S., Mittmann, G., & Steiner‐Hofbauer, V. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/72850 · Cited by 6
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“…cono-cido como uso compulsivo de Internet o adicción a Internet, y de forma más reciente y particular el uso problemático de las redes sociales, han reci-bido una creciente atención en la investigación científica durante las últimas dos décadas (Caplan, 2002; Cheng & Li, 2014; Elosua et al., 2025).”
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“PIU has been de ﬁ ned as a type of repeated and uncontrolled online behaviour leading to signi ﬁ cant harm, functional impairments and con ﬂ icts with relationships, occupation, and/or education (Caplan 2002; Kuss et al. 2014).”
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ERGENLERDE İNTERNET BAĞIMLILIĞININ YORDAYICISI OLARAK PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK VE YAŞAM DOYUMU
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Zhang, W., Zhu, W., Nie, J., Andrasik, F., & Blom, X. N. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-4-8 · Cited by 6
“The strong emotive qualities of the term “addiction” (Caplan, 2002) may further lead some respondents to deny problems and refuse to admit that they are addicted to the Internet, leading to underreporting of prevalence.”
Background
The fear of smartphone notifications and calls among medical students: The phone ring phobia syndrome or telephobia
Bairwa, Y. P., Udayaraj, A., & Manna, S. (2024) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1673_23 · Cited by 6
“[23] Thus, the entities of telephobia, internet addiction, and nomophobia are not mutually exclusive, and there is wide overlap between them.”
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Time Management of Internet Dependency among University Students and its Impact on Academic Performance
Omoyi, A. D., & Momoh, M. (2013) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 6
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“Consequently, an extensive empirical literature has emerged on the association between Internet adoption and subjective well-being (Caplan, 2002; DiMaggio et al., 2004; Oh, Ozkaya, and LaRose, 2014; Lissitsa and Chachashvili-Bolotin, 2016).”
Background
Passion and Self-Determination: Exploring Social Networking Site Addiction Using a Dualistic Framework
Manchiraju, S., & Sadachar, A. (2018) · Social Networking · doi:10.4236/sn.2018.73010 · Cited by 7
“Caplan [33] reported adequate reliability of 0.85 in their study.”
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Coduto, K. D., & Anderson, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2021.1972114 · Cited by 6
“One possible explanation for an individual’s need to be online and conversing with others during such events is problematic internet use, including cognitive preoccupation with the internet and compulsive use of the internet (Caplan, 2002; Caplan & High, 2006).”
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The Association between Internet Addiction and Psychosocial Variables
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“1,19 The proposal, known as a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized problematic Internet use (GPIU), was a derivative from the model initially proposed by Davis 20 and proposes that PIU results from a combination of problematic cognitions and behaviors that either intensify or maintain a…”
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“Various terms have been used to describe DM overuse, including problematic internet use [11], pathological internet use [12], and problematic media use [13].”
Investigation of the Relationship Between the Problem Internet Use and the Perception of Self-Efficacy of Nursing Students: Descriptive Research
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“One of the most common of these models is generalized PIU, developed by Caplan in 2002 and revised in 2010.”
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“Generalized PIU consists of cognitive and behavioral symptoms impacting the user negatively on the professional, academic and social levels (Caplan, 2002, 2005; Davis, 2001).”
Risk assessments of virtual interactions on Saudi families
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Kerimova, M., & Günüç, S. (2015) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v4i1.1105 · Cited by 5
“In addition, various measurement tools such as Caplan’s (2002) 5-point Likert-type “Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale” with 29 items, “Chinese Internet Addiction Inventory” with 31 items developed by Chen and colleagues (2003), “Internet Addiction Scale” with 31 items developed by Nichols and Nicki (2004), “P…”
BackgroundMethod
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iPod use and the perception of social introversion
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“Caplan (2002, 2003, 2005, 2007) demonstrated that social anxiety plays a significant role in determining problematic internet use.”
Background
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“PIU is a multi-syndrome in internet usage that includes cognitive maladaptive and involves internet usage behavior which is also maladaptive and has consequences in the form of negative outcomes that includes personal life, professional, and academic life [8], [13], [14].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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“Compared to the term internet addiction or dependency, problematic internet use is broad enough to cover the negative consequences of the varying degrees experienced by an individual without the risk of social stigma as a pathological person [2-4].”
Substance and Behavioral Addictions Assessment Instruments
Grigsby, T. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.012 · Cited by 6
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Internet Addiction
Pontes, H. M., Satel, J., & McDowall, A. (2022) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04772-5_5 · Cited by 5
Problematic Internet Use, Nomophobia, and Social Media Addiction
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“To increase the response rate, a small gift worth US$1.50 was offered to each qualified responder.”
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ICTs and Teenage Students. Problematic Usage or Dependence
Anuncibay, R. D. L. F. (2017) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.068 · Cited by 6
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Exploring the Effects of Loneliness and Internet Addiction on Adults’ Well-Being During COVID-19 Quarantine
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Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., & Hawi, N. S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.028 · Cited by 5
“Another one is the concept of generalized pathological Internet use developed by Caplan (2002) in which a result of pathological Internet use is social anxiety as predictor of preference for online relationships.”
Background
The reliability and validity of three Internet addiction instruments in the Japanese population
Yong, R. K. F. (2013) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.15083/00005473 · Cited by 5
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Carr, A. (2006) · e-publications@bond (Bond University) · Cited by 5
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Henry PhD, S. K. (2010) · Digital USD (University of San Diego) · doi:10.22371/05.2010.013 · Cited by 4
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“It is a scale revised and updated by Caplan (2010) from the ﬁ rst GPIUS version (Caplan, 2002).”
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Li, L., Yuan, X., Lin, L., Xiao, A., Chen, Y., Xia, Y., & Huang, X. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22796-4 · Cited by 4
“By integrating gender role expectations theory and the cognitive‒behavioral model of problematic internet use (PIU), a gender-sensitive process model can be formulated.”
Online Psychology Beyond Addiction and Gaming: A Global Look at Mental Health and Internet-Related Technologies
Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Gorbaniuk, O., McNeill, M., Bendayan, R., Durak, M., Şenol-Durak, E., Ben‐Ezra, M., Benvenuti, M., Angeluci, A. C. B., et al. (2022) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88974-249-3 · Cited by 4
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Internet Addiction, Psychosocial Variables and Perceived Social Support in University Students
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“In addition, we wondered whether these 5 schemas of realism judgments might be differentially related to the addictive use of social media [42,43].”
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Diagnosis and Assessment of Internet Addiction and Comorbidities
Ahn, D. H. (2006) · Journal of the Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2006.49.3.215 · Cited by 4
Problematic Linkages in Adolescents
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Prevention and Treatment of Sex Addiction
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“Moreover, internet might serve as a function of regulating social fears and reducing stress related to these fears (Caplan, 2002; 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Technology Addiction among UiTM Puncak Alam and UNNES Semarang Students
Johan, Z. J., Hafit, N. I. A., & Tusyanah, T. (2021) · Asian Journal of University Education · doi:10.24191/ajue.v17i4.16188 · Cited by 4
“According to Caplan (2002), technology offers users anonymity that often acts as a security feature when interacting on a platform consisting of strangers or individuals with whom they are uncomfortable interacting face-to-face.”
BackgroundInfluential
Affective symptoms as a predictor of internet addiction among young adults
Anand, N., Sharma, M. K., Marimuthu, P., Huchegowda, R., Thakur, P. C., Vishwakarma, A., Tadpatrikar, A., Mondal, I., Azhagannan, K., & Rawat, V. S. (2022) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_175_21 · Cited by 4
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“As Caplan pointed out years ago (Caplan, 2002), those who cannot use this virtual communication environment correctly show psychosocial disorders (Samarraie, Hosam, et al, 2021).”
Background
Digital media use, depressive symptoms and support for violent radicalization among young Canadians: a latent profile analysis
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“Preference for online social interactions is characterized by beliefs that one is safer, more confident, more comfortable and appreciated when online as opposed to offline [39] and is considered a component of problematic Internet use as it implies problematic relational experiences offline.”
Background
Transition from Urge to Excessive Use of Social Networking Sites: The Moderating Role of Self-Control and Accessibility
Chan, T. K. H., Cheung, C. M. K., Lee, Z. W. Y., & Neben, T. (2015) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 4
The relationship between attachment styles and social self- efficacy with internet addiction in Iranian Students
Nazli, T., Jomehri, F., & Farrokhi, N. (2014) · Cited by 4
Factor structure of internet addiction test for students in senior grades of elementary school
Popović-Ćitić, B., & Marija, M. (2013) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh12-3595 · Cited by 4
A problémás internethasználat összefüggése a magányossággal középiskolás és egyetemi hallgatók körében
Kiss, H., & Piko, B. F. (2017) · Iskolakultúra · doi:10.17543/iskkult.2017.1-12.77 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of problematic Internet usage, characteristics of Internet usage, and other related psychiatric factors in adolescents with acne
Aktepe, E., Erturan, İ., & Işık, A. (2020) · Dermatologica Sinica · doi:10.4103/ds.ds_21_19 · Cited by 4
“[2] As the Internet provides opportunities for individuals to look the way they want to and stay away from social worries, people who have restrictions about social life feel more comfortable in the virtual environment.[19] In our study, it was determined that the level of social anxiety and PIU increased as the quali…”
Background
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENSATION SEEKING AND INTERNETUSE AMONG INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
Rezaei, S., Khodabakhsh, S., & Rabbani, M. (2020) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.31674/mjmr.2020.v04i04.001 · Cited by 4
“It is described by several expressions like 'problematic Internet use', 'pathological Internet use', 'computer addiction', 'compulsive Internet use', 'Internet dependence', and 'net addiction' (Shaffer, 2002; Young, 1999; Caplan, 2002; Davis, 2001).”
Attitudes Toward Online Communications In Open And Distance Learning
Aydın, İ. E. (2012) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 4
Consumer-based leisure constraint for online gaming
Chen, L. S.-L. (2011) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2011.600443 · Cited by 4
“Most prior studies have investigated the problematic use or negative outcome associated with playing online games (Caplan, 2002; Liu & Peng, 2009), but they did not demonstrate the possible negative outcomes’ effects.”
Background
The mediating effects of preference for online social interaction on the relation between social skills, social support, loneliness and problematic internet use
이도형, & Sohn, E. (2013) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.14.5.201310.3105 · Cited by 4
Depression and Internet use in a Sample of Malaysian Undergraduate Students
Lu, X. (2013) · Journal of Education and Vocational Research · doi:10.22610/jevr.v4i11.137 · Cited by 4
“…Addiction Disorder, Internet addiction, Internet addicts, Problematic Internet use, computer-medicated communication addicts, computer junkies, maladaptive patterns of Internet use, etc” (Caplan, 2002; Davis, 2001; Beard & Wolf, 2001; Chou, Chou and Tyan, 1999; Goldberg, 1996; Young, 1996).”
Escala de uso problemático de internet en estudiantes universitarios: evidencias de validez y fiabilidad
da Fonsêca, P. N., Couto, R. N., Melo, C. C. D. V., Machado, M. D. O. S., & Filho, J. F. D. S. (2018) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v12i2.1686 · Cited by 4
Understanding Social Media Addiction Through Personal, Social, and Situational Factors
Kirezli, Ö., & Aydın, A. E. (2020) · Advances in social networking and online communities book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-4718-2.ch009 · Cited by 4
Marathon TV Watching among Emiratis in the Interactive Media Environment
Ahmed, A. A.-A. M. (2019) · Arab Media and Society. · doi:10.70090/aaam27tv · Cited by 4
“These statements were adapted from previous studies of Internet use and video games studies by Caplan (2002), LaRose et al. (2003), Suhail and Bargees (2006), and M. Liu and W. Peng, (2009).”
MethodInfluential
Internet use and well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak: Examining the role of gender, age, motives for using the internet and relational resources in an Italian adult sample.Preprint
Venuleo, C., Marino, C., Ferrante, L., Rollo, S., & Schimmenti, A. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-104082/v1 · Cited by 4
“For instance, previous studies have found that the levels of problematic internet use of people who use the internet to entertain themselves and to establish social interaction are higher than that of those who use the internet primarily to obtain information (Caplan 2002; Ceyhan 2011).”
Background
Media Addiction
Leung, L. W., Liang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0173 · Cited by 4
Internet addiction: Theoretical models, assessment and intervention
Casale, S., & Fioravanti, G. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00143-6 · Cited by 4
Effects of an emotional intelligence training program on alleviating internet addiction of college students at the risk of internet addiction in China
Yao, C., Zhang, Y., & Hou, H. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105214 · Cited by 3
Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Malay version of the compulsive internet use scale
Okafor-Emeagha, I. M., Ramoo, V., Ling, L. W., Marret, M. J., & Piaw, C. Y. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100744 · Cited by 3
Longitudinal Associations Between Problematic Pornography Use and Types of Rumination
Demirgül, S. A., Demetrovics, Z., Czakó, A., Paksi, B., Kökönyei, G., & Bőthe, B. (2025) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2025.2544208 · Cited by 3
Internet Addiction and Sleep Quality among Post Graduate Students
Thomas, A. C., & G, V. B. K. (2021) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0902.172 · Cited by 3
A comparative study of executive functioning and personality of young adults with alcohol use disorder and internet gaming disorder
Mukherjee, C., & Banerjee, U. (2022) · Mind and Society · doi:10.56011/mind-mri-112-202210 · Cited by 3
Relationship between Problematic Internet Use and Adolescent Mental Health in Saudi Arabia
Mansoor, K. M. A. (2023) · Egyptian Journal of Health Care · doi:10.21608/ejhc.2023.322674 · Cited by 3
Regulasi Diri Mempengaruhi Perilaku Cyberloafing Yang Dimoderasi Oleh Berbagai Karakteristik Individual Mahasiswa Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Anugrah, A. P., & Margaretha, M. (2013) · Cited by 3
Internet Use and its Correlation with Psychiatric Symptoms – Results of an Online Survey Based on Psychometric Risk Profiles of the German Version of the “Compulsive Internet Use Scale”
Peukert, P. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000199 · Cited by 3
“While some authors describe a “non chemical addiction, involving human machine interaction” concerning pathological use [2] or “internet addiction” [17-20] others call it "pathological internet use" [21], respectively "problematic internet use" [11].”
Background

Authors: Caplan, S. E.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author: Caplan, Scott E
ORCID: Caplan, Scott E
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 553-575
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3
OpenAlex: W1970339110
Cited by: 1,279
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 15.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
Keywords: problematic internet use, psychosocial well-being, scale development, depression, loneliness, shyness, self-esteem, compulsive internet use, undergraduate students

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Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument

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