Cited by 1,279Impact of Technology on AdolescentsSexuality, Behavior, and TechnologyGender and Technology in Education

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Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument

Caplan, Scott E·2002·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3

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Using multivariate statistics
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
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Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
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A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use
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Predictors of Internet Use
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2 · Cited by 1,826
Plan 9 From Cyberspace: The Implications of the Internet for Personality and Social Psychology
McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh, J. A. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0401_6 · Cited by 1,588
Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students
Morahan-Martin, J. M., & Schumacher, P. (2000) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(99)00049-7 · Cited by 1,358
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DİNDARLIK, SİBER ZORBALIK VE PROBLEMLİ İNTERNET KULLANIMI İLİŞKİSİNE DAİR NİCEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Korkmaz, S., & Mehmedoğlu, A. U. (2018) · Dini Araştırmalar · doi:10.15745/da.433507 · Cited by 11
Diferencias de sexo, característica de personalidad y afrontamiento en el uso de internet, el móvil y los videojuegos en la adolescencia
Jiménez-Albiar, M. I., Piqueras, J. A., Mateu‐Martínez, O., Carballo, J. L., Orgilés, M., & Espada, J. P. (2012) · Consultation of the Doctoral Thesis Database (TESEO) (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte) · Cited by 11
Monitoring the effect of Internet use on students behavior case study: Technical Faculty Bor, University of Belgrade
Niculović, M., Živković, D. T., Manasijevic, D. M., & Štrbac, N. D. (2012) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-012-9238-5 · Cited by 11
“Consistent with the results of previous studies (Amichai-Hamburger and Ben-Artzi 2003; Caplan 2002; Li and Chung 2006; Lin and Tsai 2002), these results indicate that the social support offered by a cyber relationship can lead to more severe addictive behavior.”
MethodResult
Social Anxiety and Loneliness in Adults Who Solicit Minors Online
Schulz, A., Bergen, E., Schuhmann, P., & Hoyer, J. (2015) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/1079063215612440 · Cited by 11
“…social withdrawal associated with PIU have been related to an increased risk for psychopathology (e.g., depression or substance use disorders; Caplan, 2002, 2003; High & Caplan, 2009; Shapira et al., 2000), which might or might not, in turn, be related to increased online sexual solicitation.”
Background
The Prevalence of Internet Addiction among University Students: A General or Specific Problem?
Hasanzadeh, R., Beydokhti, A., & Zadeh, F. D. (2012) · Cited by 11
VALIDITY, RELIABILITY AND FACTOR ANALYSIS OF COMPULSIVE INTERNET USE SCALE IN STUDENTS OF ISFAHAN’S UNIVERSITIES
Salman, A. S., Jannatifard, F., Eslami, M., & Rezapour, H. (2011) · Cited by 11
A Preliminary Study Suggesting Similar Relationships Between Impulsivity and Severity of Problematic Internet Use in Male and Female Iranian College Students
Shokri, O., Potenza, M. N., & Sanaeepour, M. H. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9738-y · Cited by 13
“Psychological factors, such as depression, low self-esteem and loneliness, appear closely linked to PIU (Caplan 2002; Chong et al. 2014; Davis et al. 2002; Whang et al. 2003; Yang and Tung 2007).”
Background
Personality Antecedents and Consequences of Internet Addiction Vis-à-vis Internet Habit: a Theory and an Empirical Investigation
Kuem, J., & Ray, S. (2021) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10110-2 · Cited by 11
“Such obsessive use of the Internet is called Internet addiction (Caplan 2002; Turel et al. 2011).”
Background
The Role of Procrastination Between Personality Traits and Addictive Mukbang Watching Among Emerging Adults
Kırcaburun, K., March, E., Balta, S., Emirtekin, E., Kışla, T., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221085006 · Cited by 12
“…(the term “problematic” is often used in the literature to account for addiction, but overcomes the emotive qualities associated with the term [Caplan, 2002; Thatcher et al., 2008]) mukbang watching has been positively associated with internet addiction (Kircaburun, Yurdagül, et al., 2021).”
Background
Why Do I Keep Checking My Facebook? The Role of Urge in the Excessive Use of Social Networking Sites
Chan, T. K. H., Cheung, C. M. K., Lee, Z. W. Y., & Neben, T. (2015) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2015.45 · Cited by 10
“Following prior literature [45, 46], we define excessive use of SNSs as the extent to which users perceive the time spent on checking SNSs excessive.”
Method
The analysis of internet addiction scale using multivariate adaptive regression splines.
Kayri, M. (2010) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 11
THE URGE TO CHECK SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES: ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES
Chan, T. K. H., Cheung, C. M. K., Lee, Z. W. Y., & Neben, T. (2014) · HKBU Institutional Repository (Hong Kong Baptist University) · Cited by 11
Critical Analysis of Cyberslacking in Organizational Structures
Contreras, F. K., & Bayma, F. O. (2014) · Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies · doi:10.4236/jhrss.2014.22007 · Cited by 11
Modelling Excessive Internet Use:s Revision of R. Davis's Cognitive-Behavioural Model of Pathological Internet Use
Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K. (2011) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/v10059-011-0018-6 · Cited by 11
“The Cognitive-Behavioural Model of Pathological Internet Use proposed by R. Davis is an attempt to break away from this practice (Davis, 2001; Davis et al., 2002; cf. Caplan, 2002, 2010; Kaliszewska, 2007a).”
Background
Internet Addiction among Adolescence.
Sargın, N. (2012) · doi:10.5897/err12.202 · Cited by 11
Effects of the Internet use on Wellbeing and Academic Attainment of Students Starting University
AlHeneidi, H. H., & Smith, A. P. (2020) · International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education · doi:10.20431/2349-0381.0705003 · Cited by 26
“…topic including “Pathological Internet Use” (Davis, 2001; Shapira, Goldsmith, Keck, Khosla, & McElroy, 2000; Young, 1998), “Problematic Internet Use” (Caplan, 2002; Davis, Flett, & Besser, 2002), “Maladaptive Internet Use” (Davis et al., 2002; Kubey, Lavin, & Barrows, 2001), “Excessive Internet…”
Psychopathological Correlates of Dysfunctional Smartphone and Social Media Use: The Role of Personality Disorders in Technological Addiction and Digital Life Balance
Duradoni, M., Colombini, G., Barucci, C., Zagaglia, V., & Guazzini, A. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15070136 · Cited by 11
“These patterns are commonly explained by efforts to escape negative moods or modify mood (Caplan, 2002).”
Influential
Messverfahren zur Erfassung der Internetsucht
Steffen, S., Peukert, P., Petersen, K. U., & Batra, A. (2012) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911.a000217 · Cited by 10
Internet Activity and Internet Addiction: Where is the Borderline in Developing One’s Information Competency?
Tabachuk, N. P., Ledovskikh, I. A., Shulika, N. A., Kazinets, V. A., & Polichka, A. E. (2018) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.29333/ejmste/97828 · Cited by 10
“…is described within the following terminological framework: computer addiction disorders (Orzack & Orzack, 1999), Internet addiction disorders (Caplan, 2002; Young & Christakis, 2010; Young & Nabuco de Abreu, 2017; Young & Rogers, 1998; Yuan, Qin & Wang, 2011), computer addiction (Soldatkin,…”
Background
Binomial (Oran) Verilerin Meta-Analizi: Türkiye’deki İnternet Bağımlılık Oranının Belirlenmesi
Aslı, K. U. R. T., & Avcı, E. (2020) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.18185/erzifbed.712013 · Cited by 10
“Doğru internet kullanımı, bilgi derleme, okuma, yazma, seçme, sınıflandırma gibi çeşitli becerilerin edinimini sağlarken, hatalı internet kullanımı ise sinir bozukluğu, psikolojik rahatsızlık, sosyal problemlere neden olmaktadır (Caplan, 2002).”
The role of loneliness in university students’ pathological Internet use – a web survey study on the moderating effect of social web application use
Reißmann, A., & Lange, K. W. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02455-3 · Cited by 13
“This replicates findings from earlier studies (Brand et al., 2014; Caplan, 2002, 2003; Hollenbaugh & Ferris, 2014; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
An Analysis of Some Variables Affecting the Internet Dependency Level of Turkish Adolescents by Using Decision Tree Methods
Kayri, M., & Günüç, S. (2010) · Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Academic Data Management System · Cited by 10
Monde virtuel : enjeux et risques liés à l’attachement
Danet, M., & Miljkovitch, R. (2015) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2015.10.002 · Cited by 10
Uso Pessoal das Tecnologias no Trabalho: Motivadores e Efeitos à Distração Profissional
Cappellozza, A., de Moraes, G. H. S. M., & Muniz, L. M. (2017) · Revista de Administração Contemporânea · doi:10.1590/1982-7849rac2017160145 · Cited by 10
Problematic Internet Use: Variants of Cognitive-Behavioural Model under Path Analysis
Teo, C., Lim, K., & Oei, T. P. S. (2017) · International Journal of Psychology & Behavior Analysis · doi:10.15344/2455-3867/2017/130 · Cited by 10
“Results of similar studies [3,10] generally suggest that loneliness is a predictor of GPIU.”
BackgroundInfluential
İnternetin Okul Öncesi Dönemdeki Çocuklar Üzerindeki Etkileri Hakkında Bir Araştırma
Ergüney, M. (2017) · Ulakbilge Dergisi · doi:10.7816/ulakbilge-05-17-10 · Cited by 10
When People are Problematically Attached to Social Media: How Would the Design Matter?
Altuwairiqi, M., Arden-Close, E. J., Bolat, E., Vuillier, L., & Ali, R. (2019) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2019.8913856 · Cited by 10
“The inclusion criteria were adhered to using a preselection questionnaire adapted from the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale with necessary adaptations [26].”
Method
Anhedonia mediates the link between problematic internet use and psychological well-being
Shen, W., Hua, M., Wang, M., Yuan, Y., Shao, M., & Zhao, Y. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01575-0 · Cited by 10
“Although studies investigating PIU are abundant (Caplan, 2002; Shapir et al., 2000), less is known about the effect of PIU on psychological well-being (PWB).”
Background
University students' problematic internet use in terms of reasons for internet use
Ceyhan, E. (2007) · Cited by 10
Studying the Relationship Between Addictive Beliefs About Internet Use, Meaning in Life, and Problematic Social Media Use
Harren, N., & Walburg, V. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00280-4 · Cited by 11
“For instance, the cognitive-behavioral model of PIU differentiated generalized PIU (GPIU) from specific PIU (SPIU) (Caplan, 2002; Davis, 2001).”
Background
Intensive / Excessive use of Internet and Risks of Internet Addiction Among Specialized Workers - Gender and Online Activities Differences
Vanea, M. O. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.148 · Cited by 10
The effects of Internet use on academic achievement and behavioral adjustment among South Korean adolescents: Mediating and moderating roles of parental factors
Kim, S. (2011) · Cited by 10
A Multi-Level Meta Analysis on the Relations Between Mental Health Problems and Internet Addiction
Kim, D., 강민철, 정여주, & 이윤희 (2013) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.14.1.201302.285 · Cited by 10
Shyness and Internet Use
Qing, L. U. O., Zhou, Z., Hua, W. E. I., Tian, Y., & Kong, F. (2013) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2013.01651 · Cited by 10
Relationships of Problematic Internet Use, Online Gaming, and Online Gambling with Depression and Quality of Life Among College Students
Kalkan, B., & Bhat, C. S. (2020) · International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research · doi:10.33200/ijcer.594164 · Cited by 10
“Because the DSM-5 has no official diagnosis for problematic Internet use or Internet addiction, researchers use different terms in the literature, referring to problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2002; Young, 1998), Internet addiction (Young, 1998), and pathological Internet use (Davis, 2001; Young, 1998).”
Background
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Özdenetim ile İnternet Bağımlılığı İlişkisi
Çutuk, Z. A. (2020) · Trakya Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24315/tred.650932 · Cited by 10
INVESTIGATION OF THE UNDERLYING STRUCTURE OF PERSONAL WEB USAGE IN THE WORKPLACE.
Simmers, C. A., Anandarajan, M., & D’Ovidio, R. (2008) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2008.33649965 · Cited by 10
Facebook addiction: where does it come from? : a study based on the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale.
Steggink, B. W. (2015) · Cited by 9
Adicciones a internet y funciones ejecutivas en estudiantes universitarios: una revisión sistemática
Bernabéu Brotóns, E., Marchena Giráldez, C. A., González Pizzio, A., & Lubrini, G. (2020) · Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v18i52.3346 · Cited by 8
“…también se ha utilizado uso compulsivo de internet (Meerkerk, Van Den Eijnden, Franken y Garretsen, 2010; Meerkerk, Van Den Eijnden, y Garretsen, 2006; Meerkerk, Van Den Eijnden, Vermulst y Garretsen, 2009), uso problemático de internet (Caplan, 2002), y uso patológico de internet (Davis, 2001).”
Background
Internet addiction levels and problem-solving skills in the teaching profession: an investigation
Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, F. O. E., & İbili, E. (2017) · Acta Didactica Napocensia · doi:10.24193/adn.10.4.10 · Cited by 9
“…(Flett and Besser, 2002), develop the skills, talent and patience needed to problem-solve (Kelleci, 2008) and cultivate feelings of shyness (Yuen & Lavin, 2004), which negatively affects social relations and wellbeing (Gross, 2004; Engelberg & Sjoberg, 2004; Caplan, 2002; Whang, Lee & Chang, 2003).”
Uso problemático de Internet y adolescentes: El deporte sí importa (Problematic Internet use and adolescents: Sport does matter)
Golpe Ferreiro, S., Isorna Folgar, M., Gómez Salgado, P., & Rial Boubeta, A. (2017) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v0i31.44248 · Cited by 16
BİREYLERİN DİJİTAL BAĞIMLILIKLARI İLE YALNIZLIK DÜZEYLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ: BİR META-ANALİZ ÇALIŞMASI
Seki, T., & Kurnaz, M. F. (2021) · Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.33418/ataunikkefd.991723 · Cited by 14
The Japanese version of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 (GPIUS2): Psychometric evaluation and analysis of the theoretical model
Yoshimura, S., Shibata, M., Kyuragi, Y., Kobayashi, K., Aki, M., Murai, T., & Fujiwara, H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273895 · Cited by 11
“The second version of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS2 [13]) was one of the first scales developed to evaluate generalized PIU from a multidimensional perspective.”
Background
Relationship between online social support and problematic internet use: a three-level meta-analysis
Chao, M., Wang, Y., Liu, J., & Gu, L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03076-2 · Cited by 9
“For example, the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS), based on the cognitive-behavioral model, assesses both the cognitive and behavioral dimensions of generalized internet addiction [35].”
Mental Health of Parents and Their Children: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Parents’ Negative Affect on Adolescents’ Pathological Gaming
Piao, M. P. M., Jeong, E. J., & Kim, J. A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10112233 · Cited by 11
“, impulse control, self-regulation) are negatively related to gaming use [19,40].”
Background
Ergenlerde Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanımının Öz-Belirleme Kuramı Perspektifinde İncelenmesi
Kaba, İ., & Doğan, T. (2022) · Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37217/tebd.1079665 · Cited by 9
“…problemli teknoloji kullanımı ve teknoloji bağımlılığının, öğrencilerin üretkenliklerine ket vurduğu, başarısızlıklara neden olduğu, ergenlerin fiziki, sosyal, psikolojik ve zihinsel gelişimlerini negatif olarak etkilediği değerlendirilmektedir (Baltacı, Akbulut ve Yılmaz, 2021; Caplan, 2002).”
Examining the Relationship between Phubbing and Mental Health among University Students: A Mixed Study
Bakır, V., & Dilmaç, B. (2023) · Research on Education and Psychology · doi:10.54535/rep.1331114 · Cited by 10
Problematic internet use and sensation seeking: Differences between teens who live at home and in residential care
Bitton, M. S., & Medina, H. C. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.09.004 · Cited by 9
Neuropsychologie der pathologischen Internetnutzung
Brand, M., & Laier, C. (2013) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911.a000246 · Cited by 9
Prevalence and Correlates of Internet Addiction in Undergraduate Students
Schoenfeld, D., & Yan, Z. (2012) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2012040102 · Cited by 9
Measuring Psychological Effects and Internet Addiction towards Academic Performance of Tertiary Students in Malaysia
Masud, M. M., Ahmed, S., Rahman, M., & Akhtar, R. (2016) · International Journal of Research in Business and Technology · doi:10.17722/ijrbt.v9i1.465 · Cited by 9
Investigation of High School Students’ Internet Addiction inThe Light of Various Variables
Gezgin, D. M., & Akilli, G. K. (2016) · Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17860/mersinefd.282390 · Cited by 9
“Caplan (2002) identifies this kind of behavior as “pathological” or “problematic,” since it shows a significant deviation from what is deemed to be normal, while creating problems for individuals and even terminologies, such as “internet addiction” (Young, 1998; Ko et al, 2005) “pathological…”
Background
Emotion dysregulation and adolescents' preference for online social interactions: the moderating role of gender.
Gioia, F., & Boursier, V. (2019) · Cited by 9
Problematic internet use: causes, consequences, and future directions
Wright, M. F., Heiman, T., & Olenik‐Shemesh, D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817499-9.00002-8 · Cited by 9
Dysfunctional Attitudes as a Mediator in the Association Between Problematic Internet Use and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
Odacı, H., & Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00394-3 · Cited by 11
The Association between Internet Addiction and Psychosocial Variables
Bozoğlan, B., & Demirer, V. (2015) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8595-6.ch010 · Cited by 9
The questionnaire of Lifestyle Change in Regard to Problematic Internet Use: Factor structure and concurrent and cross-year predictive utilities
Yeh, Y., Lin, S. S. J., Tseng, Y.-H., & Hwang, F. (2012) · The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology · Cited by 9
Compulsive Use of Social Networking Sites Among Secondary School Adolescents in Belgium
Vangeel, J., Cock, R. D., Klein, A., Minotte, P., Rosas, O. V., & Meerkerk, G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27893-3_10 · Cited by 9
Stopping Antidepressants and Anxiolytics as Major Concerns Reported in Online Health Communities: A Text Mining Approach
Abbé, A., & Falissard, B. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.7797 · Cited by 9
“Several studies have linked the use of OHCs to decline in mood, well-being, and quality of life [18-21].”
Background
Alone and lonely? How physical and perceived isolation can lead to problematic internet use
Goh, Z. H., Tandoc, E. C., & Chan, V. X. (2022) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2134825 · Cited by 8
“The most popular theoretical approach to examining PIU is the internet addiction perspective (Caplan 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Problematic internet use profiles and their associated factors among adolescents
Piqueras, J. A., Rico‐Bordera, P., Galán, M., García‐Oliva, C., Marzo, J. C., & Pineda, D. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.13014 · Cited by 9
A proposed model of the maintenance and exacerbation of body image and eating concerns in the context of problematic social network use
Coco, G. L., & Rodgers, R. F. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100623 · Cited by 9
“Thus, social networks may foster problematic use because of their affordances, including opportunities for self-presentation in an extended communication online context, as well as pre-existing individual concerns (Caplan, 2002).”
The development of adaptive and maladaptive patterns of Internet use among European adolescents at risk for Internet Addictive Behaviours: A Grounded Theory inquiry
Adb, E. N. (2013) · Cited by 8
Relationship of Problematic Internet Use and Positive Orientation Indicators in Adolescents
Hinić, D., Zotović, M., Beara, M., & Rakić-Bajić, G. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi190720018h · Cited by 8
Internet use patterns and the relation between generalized problematic internet use and psychological distress in Portuguese university students
Maia, B., Marques, M., Pereira, A. T., & Macedo, A. (2020) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.25324 · Cited by 8
“…of problematic internet use (PIU) have emerged: ‘internet addiction’ (e.g., Young, 1999), ‘pathological internet use’ (Morahan-Martin & Schumacker, 2000), ‘problematic internet use’ (Caplan, 2002) and, more recently, ‘compulsive internet use’ (Meerkerk, Eijnden, Vermulst, & Garretsen, 2009).”
Background
Web 1.0’dan Web 3.0’a Mahremiyetin Dönüşümü ve Dezavantajlı Gruplar Açısından Muhtemel Sonuçları
Coşan, B. (2022) · Çalışma ve Toplum · doi:10.54752/ct.1191456 · Cited by 11
Relational Mobility and Problematic Internet Use: A Person–Environment Interactionist Perspective
Dong, Z., Hou, Y., Cao, Y., & Wu, Z. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231155113 · Cited by 8
“…found that PIU is positively related to social anxiety (e.g., Weidman et al., 2012), depression (e.g., Ceyhan & Ceyhan, 2008), loneliness (e.g., Costa et al., 2019), suicide risk (e.g., Arrivillaga et al., 2020), and lower life satisfaction and well-being (e.g., Büchi et al., 2019; Caplan, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of shyness on internet addiction: a cross-lagged study mediated by peer relationships
Li, D.-D., Yu, J., & Zhao, L. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04743-6 · Cited by 9
“Western scholars have also found that Internet addiction will increase the level of shyness of Internet users (Ofosu, 2001; Caplan, 2002; Goulet, 2002).”
Escala de Uso Problemático Generalizado del Internet 2: adaptación para adultos de Buenos Aires
Stover, J. B., Liporace, M. F., & Solarno, A. C. (2023) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.202302.017 · Cited by 8
“Además de brindar información sobre la calidad psicométrica del instrumento, estos resultados suman información a la teoría de Davis (2001) y los desarrollos posteriores de Caplan (2002, 2010) sobre la presencia de sintomatología en presencia del PIU generalizado.”
BackgroundInfluential
Association between cognitive distortions and problematic internet use among students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Agnihotri, S., & Datti, R. S. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107214 · Cited by 8
INTERNET GAMING DISORDER AND PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE: THE LINKS BETWEEN CYBERBULLYING, AGGRESSION, LONELINESS AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIES
Tunçtürk, M., Karaçetin, G., Ermiş, Ç., Çıray, R. O., Gerçek, C., Koç, E. B., Turan, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2023.395 · Cited by 9
“Loneliness can also be a risk factor for IGD, and studies have indicated clinical correlations between PIU, loneliness, and depressive disorders (Caplan 2002).”
Background
Caught in the web: a meta-analysis of Internet addiction, excessive daytime sleepiness and depressive symptoms in adolescents
Waheed, H., Macaulay, P. J. R., Al-Jaifi, H. A. A., Allen, K., & She, L. (2024) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-07-2023-0676 · Cited by 10
“Instead, studies were deemed eligible if participants ’ age range was reported (i.e. between 10 and 19 years of age) since the age range of participants can extend far beyond the reported mean age (e.g. Caplan, 2002).”
Background
Problematic Attachment to Social Media: the Psychological States vs Usage Styles
Altuwairiqi, M., Arden-Close, E. J., Jiang, N., Powell, G., & Ali, R. (2019) · International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS) · doi:10.1109/rcis.2019.8877001 · Cited by 8
“The inclusion criteria were adhered to using a pre-selection questionnaire from the Generalised Problematic Internet Use Scale with necessary adaptations [19].”
Method
Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2: Results of Validation on Polish Sample
Probierz, E., Gałuszka, A., & Gałuszka, A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3004652 · Cited by 8
“Later on, other constructs were developed, such as: Compulsive use of the Internet [2] or the Problematic Use of the Internet [3].”
Background
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNET USE AMONGST ITALIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Marazziti, D., Baroni, S., Mucci, F., Piccinni, A., Ghilardi, A., Fiorillo, A., Massimetti, G., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Moroni, I., et al. (2020) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2020.411 · Cited by 8
Internet Use and Life Satisfaction in Individuals with Physical Disabilities
Park, E. (2021) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-021-09813-w · Cited by 9
Factorial analysis and gender invariance of GPIUS2 scale and evaluation of Caplan’s cognitive-behavioral model of problematic Internet use in adolescents
Marzo, J. C., García‐Oliva, C., & Piqueras, J. A. (2022) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.508461 · Cited by 8
“Davis (2001) introduced a cognitive-behavioral model of PIU, asserting PIU results from problematic cognitions coupled with behaviors that either intensify or maintain the maladaptive response, which result in negative life outcomes (Caplan 2002; Pontes et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Correlation between Suicidal Ideation and Addiction to Various Social Media Platforms in a Sample of Young Adults: The Benefits of Physical Activity
Mendes, L., Leonido, L. F., & Morgado, E. M. G. (2023) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc13040082 · Cited by 8
“This is characterised by a distinct pattern of internet-related cognitions and maladaptive behaviours, which may lead individuals to prioritise online interactions over in-person social relationships [21,23].”
Background
Problematic Internet Use in adolescents: New psychometric evidence for the Spanish short form of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale
Pérez‐Sáenz, J., Sierra, J. O., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., Mason, O. J., & Fonseca‐Pedrero, E. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3133 · Cited by 9
“Compared to the GPIUS-2 (Caplan, 2010;Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013;Marzoet al., 2022), theCIUS (Meerkerk et al., 2009; Ortuño- Sierra et al., 2022) comprised one item less and has been used in long epidemiological surveys conducted in Spain (e.g., DrugUse in Secondary Education Survey [Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en Ens…”
BackgroundInfluential
Internet use among young people with and without mental health difficulties
Mullen, G., Dowling, C., & O’Reilly, G. (2016) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2016.37 · Cited by 8
“Questionnaire 5 was the Generalised Problematic Internet Use Scale (Caplan, 2002).”
Real or Ersatz? Determinants of Benefits and Costs of Online Social Interactions
Green, M. C., & Clark, J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118426456.ch11 · Cited by 8
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) in a Sample of Cypriot High School Students: The Rasch Measurement Perspective
Panayiotis Panayides, A., & Walker, M. J. (2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e617822012-003 · Cited by 9
Social exclusion and video game addiction among college students: the mediating roles of depression and maladaptive cognition
Li, K., Niu, G., Jin, S., & Shi, X.-H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06749-0 · Cited by 7
“Players with such distorted cognition tended to perceive the game world as a less threatening and demanding environment, promoting them to actively immerse themselves into it and ultimately leading to video game addiction (Caplan, 2002).”
Social Media Addiction and Social Skills: Implications for Societal Learning Systems, Technology, Social Economy, and Societal Challenges
Tetik, S., Popescu, C., & Akkaya, B. (2025) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems13070501 · Cited by 7
Examine Internet Addiction and Acculturative Stress among International College Students in the United States
Li, J. (2021) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v11i2.2092 · Cited by 12
“IA was first proposed by Young (1998) and referred to as problematic Internet use, computer addiction, Internet use disorder, or excessive Internet use (Caplan, 2002; Van Rooij & Prause, 2014; Young, 1996).”
Qualitative Approaches to the Study of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Simpson, K. A., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.013 · Cited by 10
Validation of the Facebook Addiction Questionnaire
Elphinston, R. A., Gullo, M. J., & Connor, J. P. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111619 · Cited by 8
Trait and symptom differences between factions in online gaming: The vulnerable side of evil
Orr, E. S., Ross, C., & Orr, R. R. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.022 · Cited by 8
Croatian validation of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale
Burić, D. J., Muslić, L., Krašić, S., Markelić, M., Franelić, I. P., & Milanović, S. M. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106921 · Cited by 7
Problematic Internet Use and its Association with Psychological Stress among Adolescents
Anand, N., Sharma, M. K., & Marimuthu, P. (2021) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_225_21 · Cited by 7
Prevalence of Problematic Internet Use and its Association with Psychological Distress and Coping Strategies among Universiti Teknologi Mara Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Nikmat, A. W., Yusof, N. F. M., & Suddin, L. S. (2022) · IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia · doi:10.31436/imjm.v21i3.1904 · Cited by 7
The pragmatic case study of Ed – a man who struggled with internet addiction
Shorrock, M. P. (2012) · Counselling Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpscpr.2011.27.2.23 · Cited by 7
Internet Addiction In Adolescents – An Overview
Sharma, P. N., & Sousa, A. D. (2016) · Indian Journal of Mental Health(IJMH) · doi:10.30877/ijmh.3.4.2016.394-404 · Cited by 7
Early Adolescents’ Digital Gameplay Preferences, Habits and Addiction / Preferencije, navike i ovisnost mlađih adolescenata o digitalnim igrama
Aleksić, V. (2018) · Croatian Journal of Education - Hrvatski časopis za odgoj i obrazovanje · doi:10.15516/cje.v20i2.2583 · Cited by 7
“001) – researchers (Caplan, 2002; Lo et al., 2005) concluded that intensive gameplay is negatively correlated to socialization; • Aggression (r=.26; p<.001) – Hauge and Gentile (2003) stated that there is a direct link between digital games addiction and aggressive behavior.”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychopathological Symptoms and Loneliness in Adult Internet Users: A Contemporary Public Health Concern
Leite, Â. M. T., Ramires, A. C. G. L., Amorim, S. M. M., Sousa, H. F. P. E., Vidal, D. G., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030856 · Cited by 7
“Internet addiction disorder [5], Internet addiction [6,7], computer addiction [8], problematic Internet use [9], pathological Internet use [10,11], compulsive Internet use [12], and impulsive-compulsive Internet usage disorder [13] are different concepts that translate approximate realities.”
Background
Development of the smartphone-based Internet Addiction Tendency Scale for high school students and technical college students
Kurokawa, M., Honjo, M., & Mishima, K. (2020) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.1907 · Cited by 7
Excessive internet use: fascination or compulsion?
Kardefelt‐Winther, D. (2014) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 7
Problematic use of mobile phones : measuring the behaviour, its motivational mechanism, and negative consequences
James, D. (2012) · QUT Business School · Cited by 7
Mobile phone addiction
Chi, L., & Liang, J. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8239-9.ch053 · Cited by 115
Perceived-Social Isolation and Cyberbullying Involvement
Piccoli, V., Carnaghi, A., Bianchi, M., & Grassi, M. (2022) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.313948 · Cited by 6

Authors: Caplan, S. E.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author: Caplan, Scott E
ORCID: Caplan, Scott E
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 553-575
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3
OpenAlex: W1970339110
Cited by: 1,279
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 15.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
Keywords: problematic internet use, psychosocial well-being, scale development, depression, loneliness, shyness, self-esteem, compulsive internet use, undergraduate students

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