Cited by 1,279Impact of Technology on AdolescentsSexuality, Behavior, and TechnologyGender and Technology in Education

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Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument

Caplan, Scott E·2002·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3

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Using multivariate statistics
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
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A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use
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Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2 · Cited by 1,826
Plan 9 From Cyberspace: The Implications of the Internet for Personality and Social Psychology
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Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students
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Caplan, 2001, Challenging the mass-interpersonal communication dichotomy: are we witnessing the emergence of an entirely new communication system?, Electronic Journal of Communication, 11

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Items 301–400 of 1,001

How is problematic smartphone use related to adolescent depression? A moderated mediation analysis
Wang, P., Liu, S., Zhao, M., Yang, X., Zhang, G., Chu, X., Wang, X., Zeng, P., & Lei, L. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104384 · Cited by 69
Neuroticism magnifies the detrimental association between social media addiction symptoms and wellbeing in women, but not in men: a three-way moderation model
Turel, O., Poppa, N. “., & Gil-Or, O. (2018) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-018-9563-x · Cited by 63
Occupational burnout and cyberloafing among teachers: Analysis of personality traits, individual and occupational status variables as predictors
Durak, H. Y., & Sarıtepeci, M. (2018) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2018.10.011 · Cited by 77
“This concurs well with some studies (Caplan, 2002; Henle & Blanchard, 2008) which assert that cyberloafing behaviours regarded as a kind of addiction have a linear relationship with organizational stress and some psychological problems (Caplan, 2002; Henle & Blanchard, 2008).”
Result
Prevalence of internet addiction in healthcare professionals: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Bunevičienė, I., & Bunevičius, A. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020959093 · Cited by 55
“…that defines internet use behaviour as being more similar to impulse control disorders that cause cognitive and behavioural symptoms, which interfere with social, emotional, academic and/or professional functioning (Aboujaoude, 2010; Beard & Wolf, 2001; Caplan, 2002; Shapira et al., 2003).”
Background
Addressing the Question of Disorder-Specific Risk Factors of Internet Addiction: A Comparison of Personality Traits in Patients with Addictive Behaviors and Comorbid Internet Addiction
Müller, K. W., Koch, A., Dickenhorst, U., Beutel, M. E., Duven, E., & Wölfling, K. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/546342 · Cited by 72
“This decision was based on a comparably large scientific and clinical literature dealing with the phenomenon of addictive internet use sometimes referred to as “problematic internet use” [5], “pathological internet use” [6], or “internet addiction” [2, 7].”
Background
Social Media as It Interfaces with Psychosocial Development and Mental Illness in Transitional Age Youth
Primack, B. A., & Escobar-Viera, C. G. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.007 · Cited by 71
“When a study finds that there is a broad association between SM use and depression, for example, this may indicate that individuals with depression tend to use more SM; depressed individuals with a diminished sense of self-worth may turn to SM-based interactions for validation.(83,84) Subsequently, individuals may suf…”
Background
Associations of personality and clinical characteristics with excessive Internet and smartphone use in adolescents: a structural equation modeling approach
Jeong, B., Lee, J. Y., Kim, B. M., Park, E., Kwon, J.-G., Kim, D.-J., Lee, Y., Choi, J.-S., & Lee, D. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106485 · Cited by 62
Internet Use and Psychological Well-being among 10-year-old and 11-year-old Children
Devine, P., & Lloyd, K. (2011) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2011.621888 · Cited by 73
“Caplan (2002) explored whether there was a link between heavy or ‘‘problematic’’ use of the Internet and psychosocial health and well-being among undergraduate students.”
Background
EUPI-a: Escala de Uso Problemático de Internet en adolescentes. Desarrollo y validación psicométrica
Boubeta, A. R., Salgado, P. G., Folgar, M. I., Gallego, M. A., & Mallou, J. V. (2015) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.193 · Cited by 64
INTERNET AND VIDEO-GAME ADDICTION
Griffiths, M. D. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373625-3.50010-3 · Cited by 72
Ergenlerde Çağın Hastalığı : Teknoloji Bağımlılığı
Ektiricioğlu, C., Arslantaş, H., & Yüksel, R. (2020) · Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi · doi:10.17827/aktd.498947 · Cited by 71
The Relation Between College Students’ Social Anxiety and Mobile Phone Addiction: The Mediating Role of Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy and Subjective Well-Being
Xiao, Z., & Huang, J.-H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861527 · Cited by 68
“Moreover, their Internet use behavior is strengthened by negative reinforcement, and they are prone to develop abstinence syndromes (Caplan, 2002).”
Background
Evaluation and early detection of problematic Internet use in adolescents
Salgado, P. G., Boubeta, A. R., Tobío, T. B., Mallou, J. V., & Couto, C. B. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.109 · Cited by 62
Shyness, Loneliness Avoidance, and Internet Addiction: What are the Relationships?
Ang, C., Chan, N.-N., & Lee, C.-S. (2017) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2017.1399854 · Cited by 61
“In a variety of shyness studies, researchers found that shy people interacted more when the immediacy in terms of verbal (e.g., vocal intonations) and non-verbal cues (eye-contact, physical proximity) between communicators were reduced (Caplan, 2002; Huan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
A Longitudinal Study for the Empirical Validation of an Etiopathogenetic Model of Internet Addiction in Adolescence Based on Early Emotion Regulation
Cimino, S., & Cerniglia, L. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/4038541 · Cited by 62
“Furthermore, adolescents were administered the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 (GPIUS2 [40]), which is a revised and updated version of the 15-item Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale [44].”
Method
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) in a Sample of Cypriot High School Students: The Rasch Measurement Perspective
Panayiotis Panayides, A., & Walker, M. J. (2012) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v8i3.474 · Cited by 61
“The factorial complexity of the measures from these scales varies widely ranging from one (Siomos, Dafouli, Braimiotis, Mouzas, & Angelopoulos, 2008) to as many as seven factors (Caplan 2002). There are several reasons for such diverse factor structures for Internet addiction. First, the construct has not been consist…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Associations of internet access with social integration, wellbeing and physical activity among adults in deprived communities: evidence from a household survey
Kearns, A., & Whitley, E. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7199-x · Cited by 73
Adição à internet ou uso problemático da internet? Qual dos termos usar?
Fernandes, B. P., Maia, B., & Pontes, H. M. (2019) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-6564e190020 · Cited by 91
The impact of perceived risk, intangibility and consumer characteristics on online game playing
Chen, L. S.-L. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.008 · Cited by 59
Risk-taking behavior and academic self-efficacy as variables accounting for problematic internet use in adolescent university students
Odacı, H. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.09.011 · Cited by 57
Internet Addiction and Antisocial Internet Behavior of Adolescents
Ma, H. K. (2011) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2011/308631 · Cited by 57
Cyberloafing: A multi-dimensional construct placed in a theoretical framework
van Doorn, O. N. (2011) · Cited by 57
The Internet Is Not a Tool: Reappraising the Model for Internet-Addiction Disorder Based on the Constraints and Opportunities of the Digital Environment
Musetti, A., & Corsano, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00558 · Cited by 57
“If this new focus were applied, a question would need be raised about what preexisting pathological conditions would predispose a person to have diﬃculty adapting to an environment (Caplan, 2002).”
Background
From Instagram overuse to instastress and emotional fatigue: the mediation of addiction
Blas, S. S., Buzova, D., & Romero, M. J. M. (2019) · Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC · doi:10.1108/sjme-12-2018-0059 · Cited by 61
Problematic Internet Use among Adolescents 18 Months after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Paulus, F. W., Joas, J., Gerstner, I., Kühn, A., Wenning, M., Gehrke, T., Burckhart, H., Richter, U., Nonnenmacher, A., Zemlin, M., et al. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111724 · Cited by 61
Factorial validity of problematic Internet use scales
Jia, R., & Jia, H. H. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.004 · Cited by 55
“…measures2: the four-factor Online Cognition Scales (OCS; Davis et al., 2002), the seven-factor Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS; Caplan, 2002), the fivefactor Internet Addiction Scale for Taiwanese High School Students (IAST; Lin & Tsai, 2002), and three more recent…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Problematic Internet use: Perceptions of addiction counsellors
Acier, D., & Kern, L. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.11.016 · Cited by 56
Relationships of Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder symptom severities with probable attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, aggression and negative affect among university students
Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2019) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-019-00305-8 · Cited by 56
“…Questionnaire, ADHD attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder a R2 = 0.194 (adjusted R2 = 0.191) b R2 = 0.213 (adjusted R2 = 0.207) 1 3 associations between using the Internet to manage emotions, difficulty regulating Internet use and negative outcomes of Internet use (Caplan 2002; Evren et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Music consumption: Lifestyle choice or addiction
Cockrill, A., Sullivan, M., & Norbury, H. (2010) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2010.12.003 · Cited by 55
Excessive and pathological Internet use – Risk-behavior or psychopathology?
Kaess, M., Klar, J., Kindler, J., Parzer, P., Brunner, R. M., Carli, V., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C. W., Apter, A., Balázs, J., et al. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107045 · Cited by 55
“For this purpose, the well validated generalized problematic Internet use scale (GPIUS) could be applied for instance (Caplan, 2002; Fioravanti et al., 2013).”
Method
Évaluation des caractéristiques sociales, des stratégies de coping, de l’estime de soi et de la symptomatologie dépressive en relation avec la dépendance aux jeux vidéo en ligne chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes
Schmit, S., Chauchard, É., Chabrol, H., & Séjourné, N. (2010) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2010.06.006 · Cited by 55
Access to and use of Internet by adolescents who have a physical disability: A comparative study
Lathouwers, K., de Moor, J., & Didden, R. (2008) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.09.003 · Cited by 55
Relationships of loneliness and mobile phone dependence with Internet addiction in Japanese medical students
Ezoe, S., & Toda, M. (2013) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2013.36055 · Cited by 55
“Mean ± S.D. Range Internet Addiction Test (IAT) 38.4 ± 13.5 20 - 87 Mobile Phone Dependence Questionnaire (MPDQ) 26.6 ± 9.2 6 - 54 UCLA Loneliness Scale 39.7 ± 9.5 22 - 64 Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) 8.7 ± 8.6 0 - 36 Type A Pattern Scale of Tokai University 38.9 ± 8.7 17.5 - 66.5 Health Practice Index (HPI)…”
BackgroundInfluential
An Examination of Predictor Variables for Problematic Internet Use.
Serin, N. B. (2011) · The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology · Cited by 55
Online gaming in the context of social anxiety.
Lee, B. W., & Leeson, P. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000070 · Cited by 55
Why We Cannot Resist Our Smartphones: Investigating Compulsive Use of Mobile SNS from a Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement Perspective
Wang, C., & Lee", ". M. K. O. (2020) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00596 · Cited by 62
“Following such definitions, we believe that compulsive behavior describes uncontrollable behavioral repetitions that are characterized as chronic, irresistible, stimulus-orientation, and stereotyped (Caplan, 2002; Tiffany & Carter, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Insecure Attachment and Technology Addiction Among Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Impulsivity, Alexithymia, and General Psychological Distress
Remondi, C., Compare, A., Tasca, G. A., Greco, A., Pievani, L., Poletti, B., & Brugnera, A. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0747 · Cited by 64
Relationships and associations between video game and Internet addictions: Is tolerance a symptom seen in all conditions
Günüç, S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.063 · Cited by 54
“These concepts were Internet dependency (Tvedt, 2007), pathological Internet use (Davis, 2001; Young, 2004), problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2002), excessive Internet use (Yang, Choe, Baity, Lee, & Cho, 2005), Internet abuse (Young & Case, 2004), Internet addiction disorder (Gonzalez, 2002;…”
BackgroundInfluential
Does internet use promote mental health among middle-aged and older adults in China?
Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.999498 · Cited by 54
“Frontiers in Psychology 10 frontiersin.org psychosocial health such as loneliness, rejection sensitivity, delay, and impulsivity (Caplan, 2002; Davis et al., 2002; Hossin et al., 2022).”
BackgroundInfluential
Individualism and internet addiction: the mediating role of psychological needs
Arpacı, İ., Kesici, Ş., & Балоглу, М. (2018) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-11-2016-0353 · Cited by 55
Processes discriminating adaptive and maladaptive Internet use among European adolescents highly engaged online
Tzavela, E. C., Karakitsou, C., Dreier, M., Mavromati, F., Wölfling, K., Halapi, E. C., Macarie, G. F., Wójcik, S., Veldhuis, L., & Τσίτσικα, Ά. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.12.003 · Cited by 64
Identifying the central symptoms of problematic social networking sites use through network analysis
Svicher, A., Fioravanti, G., & Casale, S. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00053 · Cited by 54
“…studies (e.g., Assunç~ao & Matos, 2017; Casale & Fioravanti, 2017; Fioravanti, Flett, Hewitt, Rugai, & Casale, 2020; Marino, Vieno, Alto e, & Spada, 2016) adapted the cognitive-behavioral model of problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2002, 2010; Davis, 2001) to the field of problematic SNS use (PSNS).”
Utilización de Internet y dependencia a teléfonos móviles en adolescentes
Ruiz‐Palmero, J., Rodríguez, J. S., & Torres, J. M. T. (2016) · Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Niñez y Juventud · doi:10.11600/1692715x.14232080715 · Cited by 54
“…& Menexes, 2008, Ruiz-Olivares et al., 2010), hasta analizar dónde comienza el uso no saludable de la Red y la posible adicción a la misma (Caplan, 2002, Caplan, Willians & Yee, 2009, Meerkerk, Eijnden & Garretsen, 2006, Shapira et al., 2003), así como otros que comparan sujetos que…”
Background
An Empirical Study of Problematic Internet Use and Self-Esteem
Widyanto, L., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2011010102 · Cited by 52
“One early study (Caplan, 2002) suggested that a person’s preference for computer-mediated social interaction (as opposed to face-to-face interaction) played a role in the etiology, development, and outcomes of generalized problematic Internet use.”
Background
Which personality traits are associated with cognitions related to problematic Internet use?
Durak, M., & Şenol-Durak, E. (2014) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12056 · Cited by 51
Validation of a new Short Problematic Internet Use Test in a nationally representative sample of adolescents
Siciliano, V., Bastiani, L., Mezzasalma, L., Thanki, D., Curzio, O., & Molinaro, S. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.097 · Cited by 51
Internet addiction and loneliness among children and adolescents in the education setting: an empirical pilot study
Pontes, H. M., Griffiths, M. D., & Patrão, I. (2014) · RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert) (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · Cited by 51
Cyberloafing and personality traits: an investigation among knowledge-workers across the Iranian knowledge-intensive sectors
Sheikh, A., Aghaz, A., & Mohammadi, M. (2019) · Behavior and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1580311 · Cited by 43
“Cyberloa ﬁ ng has been measured by di ﬀ erent scales in di ﬀ erent studies (McLean et al. 2001; Belanger and Van Slyke 2002; Stanton 2002; Caplan 2002; Mahatanan-koon, Anandarajan, and Igbaria 2004; Li and Chung 2006; Yellowlees and Marks 2007; Blanchard and Henle 2008; van Doorn 2011; Ramayah…”
Method
Drivers of online social media addiction in the context of public unrest: A sense of virtual community perspective
Naranjo-Zolotov, M., Turel, O., Oliveira, T., & Lascano, J. E. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106784 · Cited by 53
Extending the social cognitive model—Examining the external and personal antecedents of social network sites use among Singaporean adolescents
Lee, E. W. J., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.030 · Cited by 50
The influence of juvenile preference for online social interaction on problematic Internet use: The moderating effect of sibling condition and the moderated moderating effect of age cohort
Yu, Q., Zhang, L., Wu, S., Guo, Y., Jin, S., & Sun, Y. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.026 · Cited by 54
“…from life disorders (Adam, Snell, & Pendry, 2007; KardefeltWinther, 2014; Kim et al., 2012; L. G.; Wang, Luo, Luo, Gao, & Kong, 2012), low well-being (Caplan, 2002; Casale, Lecchi, & Fioravanti, 2015; van den Eijnden, Meerkerk, Vermulst, Spijkerman, & Engels, 2008), and poor academic performance…”
Behavioral Economic Considerations of Novel Addictions and Nonaddictive Behavior: Research and Analytic Methods
Reed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 48
Commonalities in the Psychological Factors Associated with Problem Gambling and Internet Dependence
Dowling, N. A., & Brown, M. (2010) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0317 · Cited by 49
“An emerging literature suggests that similar factors are associated with the development of Internet dependence.(4,10,11) In order to contribute to the understanding of Internet dependence as a disorder resembling problem gambling, the current study aimed to examine the relationship between these problem behaviors and…”
Alexithymia components in excessive internet users: A multi-factorial analysis
Kandri, T. A., Bonotis, K. S., Floros, G. D., & Zafiropoulou, M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.066 · Cited by 49
“Alternatively, named as an addictive (Young, 1998), pathological (Morahan-Martin and Schumacher, 2000), problematic (Caplan, 2002) or compulsive behavior (Greenfield, 1999), EIU has been described by four main components: (a) Internet overuse and loss of sense of time, (b) withdrawal symptoms;…”
Background
Restorative Magical Adventure or Warcrack? Motivated MMO Play and the Pleasures and Perils of Online Experience
Snodgrass, J. G., Dengah, H. J. F., Lacy, M. G., Fagan, J. M., Most, D. E., Blank, M., Howard, L., Kershner, C. R., Krambeer, G., Leavitt-Reynolds, A. A., et al. (2012) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/1555412012440312 · Cited by 49
Growing Up Perfect: Perfectionism, Problematic Internet Use, and Career Indecision in Emerging Adults
Lehmann, I. S., & Konstam, V. (2011) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00073.x · Cited by 48
“Both anxiety and compromised self-esteem have been identified as related to PIU (Armstrong, Phillips, & Saling, 2000; Caplan, 2002) as well as career indecision (Feldman, 2003; Guay, Senécal, Gauthier, & Fernet, 2003; Saka & Gati, 2007).”
Background
Cyberloafing Management in Organizations
Jandaghı, G., Alvani, S. M., Matin, H. Z., & Kozekanan, S. F. (2015) · Iranian journal of management studies · doi:10.22059/ijms.2015.52634 · Cited by 49
“Policies that are included are politics that describe the use of the Internet (Caplan, 2002).”
Background
LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE PROBLEMLİ AKILLI TELEFON KULLANIMININ SOSYAL KAYGI VE SOSYAL AĞLARIN KULLANIMINA ARACILIK ETKİSİ
Doğan, U., & Tosun, N. I. (2016) · Adıyaman üniversitesi sosyal bilimler enstitüsü dergisi/Adıyaman üniversitesi sosyal bilimler enstitisü dergisi · doi:10.14520/adyusbd.66762 · Cited by 60
MALADAPTIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS AND INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS AMONG YOUNG ADULTS: A STUDY BASED ON THE ALTERNATIVE DSM-5 MODEL FOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Gervasi, A. M., Marca, L. L., Mannino, G., Lombardo, E. M. C., Iacolino, C., & Schimmenti, A. (2017) · Cited by 49
Overlapping dimensional phenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity explain co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors
Tiego, J., Oostermeijer, S., Prochazkova, L., Parkes, L., Dawson, A., Youssef, G. J., Oldenhof, E., Carter, A., Segrave, R. A., Fontenelle, L. F., et al. (2018) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918001244 · Cited by 54
“The Generalized Pathological Internet Use Scale, Version 2 (GPIUS2) is a 29-item questionnaire to assess the prevalence of cognitions, behaviors, and negative outcomes associated with pathological internet use.(39,40) Item responses are scored on an 8-point scale (1= definitely disagree to 8= definitely agree).”
Background
Problematic Internet use among elementary school students: prevalence and risk factors
Wang, T., & Cheng, H.-Y. (2019) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2019.1645192 · Cited by 48
The Path to Hedonic Information System Use Addiction: A Process Model in the Context of Social Networking Sites
Vaghefi, I., Negoita, B., & Lapointe, L. (2022) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.1109 · Cited by 59
Exploring the Key Factors Influencing College Students’ Willingness to Use AI Coding Assistant Tools: An Expanded Technology Acceptance Model
Pan, Z., Xie, Z., Liu, T., & Xia, T. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12050176 · Cited by 63
Time perspective as a predictor of problematic Internet use: A study of Facebook users
Chittaro, L., & Vianello, A. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.007 · Cited by 48
“In the literature, different names have been used to refer to ways of using the Internet that lead to negative outcomes, e.g. Internet addiction (Young, 1998), Internet abuse (Morahan-Martin, 1999), and problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2002).”
Background
Genetic and environmental influences on problematic Internet use: A twin study
Deryakulu, D., & Ursavaş, Ö. F. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.038 · Cited by 48
“, 2002; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000), low self-esteem (Caplan, 2002; Kim & Davis, 2009; Niemz, Griffiths, & Banyard, 2005), shyness (Odacı & Çelik, 2013), external locus of control (Chak & Leung, 2004), higher novelty seeking and lower reward dependence (Ko et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Psychiatric Symptoms in Adolescents with Internet Use: Comparison without Internet Use
Kelleci, M., & İnal, S. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0026 · Cited by 49
“Alternatively, some researchers argue that a person’s overuse or abuse of the Internet is a behavioral manifestation of other issues that may be problematic in their lives.(25) Recently, a wide variety of investigations have examined the ‘‘addictive’’ use of the Internet and the predictors of Internet addiction.”
Heavy Internet use and its associations with health risk and health-promoting behaviours among Thai university students
Peltzer, K., Pengpid, S., & Apidechkul, T. (2013) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2013-0508 · Cited by 47
Internet addiction among secondary school students in Riyadh city, its prevalence, correlates and relation to depression: A questionnaire survey
Alhantoushi, M., & Alabdullateef, S. (2013) · International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health · doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2013.130920131 · Cited by 47
LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DİJİTAL BAĞIMLILIKLARININ İNCELENMESİ: ANKARA İLİ, ÇANKAYA İLÇESİ ÖRNEĞİ
Eryılmaz, S., & ÇUKURLUÖZ, Ö. (2018) · Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17755/esosder.311314 · Cited by 47
What Types of Internet Services Make Adolescents Addicted? Correlates of Problematic Internet Use
Kim, K. M., Kim, H., Choi, J.-W., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, J. W. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s247292 · Cited by 47
Problematic Use of Social Networking Sites: The Role of Self-Esteem
Lee, Z. W. Y., & Cheung, C. (2014) · doi:10.6702/ijbi.2014.9.2.1 · Cited by 47
“…features of SNSs that have a high potential for causing problematic use, researchers have been particularly interested in the relationship between the development of problematic Internet use and psychological wellbeing [Caplan, 2002, 2007; Kim, LaRose, and Peng, 2009; Kraut et al., 1998].”
BackgroundMethod
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 45
Perceived Parenting Styles as Predictor of Internet Addiction in Adolescence
Dogan, H., Bozgeyikli, H., & Bozdas, C. (2015) · International Journal of Research in Education and Science · doi:10.21890/ijres.87952 · Cited by 46
“Problematic Internet Use (PIU) can be defined as a multidimensional construct consisting of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms associated with excessive Internet usage that results in difficulties with managing everyday life (Caplan, 2002, 2003, 2005; Ceyhan, 2008; Davis, 2001).”
Background
Pattern of Internet use among professionals in India: Critical look at a surprising survey result
Grover, S., Chakraborty, K., & Basu, D. (2010) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/0972-6748.90338 · Cited by 48
“[6-8] O R I G I N A L AR T I C L E Internet use to the point of addiction, however, can have wide-ranging adverse consequences that can affect interpersonal, social, occupational, psychological, and physical domains of the individual’s life.”
Exploring the Underlying Structure of Personal Web Usage in the Workplace
Anandarajan, M., Simmers, C. A., & D’Ovidio, R. (2011) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0136 · Cited by 46
“12 The emphasis in PIU is on the association between Internet use and psychosocial health.”
Temperament and adolescent problematic Internet use: The mediating role of deviant peer affiliation
Li, X., Newman, J., Li, D., & Zhang, H. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.075 · Cited by 52
“For example, some researchers found PIU to be positively associated with increased shyness (Caplan, 2002; Chak & Leung, 2004; Odacı & Çelik, 2013), whereas other researchers found few or no differences between shy and non-shy people in PIU (Henderson, Zimbardo,&Graham, 2002; Mandell&Muncer, 2006).”
Result
Determinants of social media usage among a sample of rural South African youth
Shava, H., & Chinyamurindi, W. (2018) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v20i1.827 · Cited by 46
The Evolution of Internet Addiction Disorder
YOUNG, K. S. (2017) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46276-9_1 · Cited by 46
Early maladaptive schemas and behavioural addictions: A systematic literature review
Vieira, C., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102340 · Cited by 45
Considering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 44
Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 45
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 44
Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 46
Problematic internet and social network site use in young adults: The role of emotional intelligence and fear of negative evaluation
Naidu, S., Chand, A., Pandaram, A., & Patel, A. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111915 · Cited by 49
“Individuals with low self-esteem have high levels of anxiety in social situations; therefore, they prefer to use online computer-mediated communication as compared to face-to-face communication as it provides them with privacy and control of the situation (Caplan, 2002; Hancock & Dunham, 2001; Zsido et al., 2021).”
Background
Psychometric Validation of the Chinese Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) with Taiwanese High School Adolescents
Dhir, A., Chen, S., & Nieminen, M. (2015) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-015-9351-9 · Cited by 45
“Various terminologies do exist, including IA [15, 16], compulsive Internet use [17, 18], problematic Internet use [19], pathological Internet use [20], and Internet dependency [21].”
Background
The attraction of online games: An important factor for Internet Addiction
Tone, H.-J., Hao-rui, Z., & Yan, W.-S. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.09.017 · Cited by 45
“…(Lam, Peng, Mai, & Jing, 2009; Rehbein, Psych, Kleimann, Mediasci, & MÖßle, 2010), family-related factors (Yen, Ko, Yen, Wu, & Yang, 2007a) and especially personality characteristics and psychosocial characteristics (Andreou & Svoli, 2013; Caplan, 2002; Caplan, Williams, & Yee, 2009; Young, 1998).”
Frequency is not enough: Patterns of use associated with risk of Internet addiction in Portuguese adolescents
Gamito, P. S., Morais, D., Oliveira, J., Brito, R., Rosa, P. J., & de Matos, M. G. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.013 · Cited by 45
“, compulsive computer use (Black, Belsare, & Schlosser, 1999) or compulsive Internet use (Meerkerk, Van Den Eijnden, Vermulst, & Garretsen, 2009), pathological Internet use (Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000), and problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2002; Yellowlees & Marks, 2007).”
Background
Prevalence of excessive internet use and its association with psychological distress among university students in South India
Cherian, A. V., Anand, N., Jain, P., Prabhu, S., Thomas, C., Bhat, A., Prathyusha, P., Bhat, S., & YOUNG, K. S. (2018) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_28_18 · Cited by 47
“Excessive use of the Internet has been termed by researchers by use of varied terminologies such as compulsive internet use,[15] problematic internet use,[16] pathological internet use, and IA.”
Background
Women, Female Sex and Love Addicts, and Use of the Internet
Corley, M. D., & Hook, J. N. (2012) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/10720162.2012.660430 · Cited by 44
“Strongest predictors of problems or “at risk” users for both women and men were identified as loneliness leading to depression, neuroticism, compulsive use, and withdrawal symptoms (Amichai-Hamburger & Ben-Artzi, 2003 ; Bridges & Morokoff, 2010 ; Caplan, 2002 ; Cooper, Boies, Maheu, Greenfield, 1999 ; Correa, Hinsley,…”
Mindfulness-Based Interventions Applied to Addiction Treatments
Kechter, A., & Black, D. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.040 · Cited by 43
Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
Stacy, A. W., Pike, J. R., & Lee, A. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.017 · Cited by 43
Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
Miller, K. A., & Mays, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.037 · Cited by 43
Food versus Eating Addictions
Schulte, E. M., Schiestl, E. T., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.035 · Cited by 43
Is “Internet addiction” addressed in the classroom? A survey of psychology textbooks
Mossbarger, B. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.02.002 · Cited by 44
“Various efforts also have begun to develop means of assessing IA (Caplan, 2002; Davis, Flett, & Besser, 2002; Pratarelli & Browne, 2002), though differences in construct conceptualization exist and psychometric data are not yet definitive.”
Background
Cue-induced craving for Internet among Internet addicts
Niu, G., Sun, X., Subrahmanyam, K., Kong, F., Tian, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.012 · Cited by 46
Modeling the effect of new media literacy levels and social media usage status on problematic internet usage behaviours among high school students
Durak, H. Y., & Sarıtepeci, M. (2019) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-019-09864-9 · Cited by 48
“Some of them may be listed as; problematic usage of social media (Andreassen et al. 2017; Kircaburun et al. 2018), digital game addiction (Chou and Ting, 2003; Van Rooij et al. 2011), and problematic internet usage (Caplan 2002; Yildiz-Durak 2018a; Odacı and Çıkrıkçı 2014).”
Background
Problematic Use of Digital Technologies and Its Impact on Mental Health During COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessment Using Machine Learning
Arora, A., Chakraborty, P., & Bhatia, M. P. S. (2021) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67716-9_13 · Cited by 47
Behavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders
Jarmolowicz, D. P., & Schneider, T. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.005 · Cited by 42
Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder
Galimov, A., & Black, D. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.027 · Cited by 42
Precision Behavioral Management (PBM): A Novel Genetically Guided Therapy to Combat Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Relevant to the Opiate Crisis
Blum, K., Roy, A. K., Podesta, A., Modestino, E. J., Steinberg, B., Gondré-Lewis, M. C., Baron, D. A., Thanos, P. K., Lott, L., Badgaiyan, S., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.031 · Cited by 42

Authors: Caplan, S. E.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author: Caplan, Scott E
ORCID: Caplan, Scott E
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 553-575
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3
OpenAlex: W1970339110
Cited by: 1,279
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 15.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
Keywords: problematic internet use, psychosocial well-being, scale development, depression, loneliness, shyness, self-esteem, compulsive internet use, undergraduate students

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Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument

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