Cited by 1,279Impact of Technology on AdolescentsSexuality, Behavior, and TechnologyGender and Technology in Education

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Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument

Caplan, Scott E·2002·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3

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Caplan, 2001, Challenging the mass-interpersonal communication dichotomy: are we witnessing the emergence of an entirely new communication system?, Electronic Journal of Communication, 11

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“Caplan (2002) developed the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS) in accordance with the generalized PIU construct of this model.”
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“These three psychosocial problems are commonly presented as individual vulnerability factors of PIU (e.g., Caplan, 2002, 2007; Kim, LaRose, & Peng, 2009; LaRose et al., 2003; MorahanMartin & Schumacher, 2003; Tokunaga & Rains, 2010).”
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“Generalized Problematic Internet Use in participants was measured using the 29-item GPIUS scale (Caplan, 2002).”
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“12,16 Caplan developed the Generalized Pathological Internet Use Scale (GPIUS) as an instrument to capture those characteristic maladaptive cognitions and behaviors.”
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“…(Kardefelt-Winther, 2014) proposes that di ﬀ erent forms of problematic internet use (PIU) serve as a compensatory behavior to cope with existing problems (Wolniewicz et al., 2018) such as shyness (Chak and Leung, 2004), loneliness (Caplan, 2007), and fear of missing out (Wolniewicz et al., 2018).”
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“[8] developed a 29-item instrument that measures the seven components of Internet problematic use (GPIUS – Generalized problematic Internet use scale), namely, mood alternation, social benefit, negative outcomes, compulsivity, excessive time, withdrawal, and interpersonal control.”
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“Caplan (2002) showed in a study of problematic Internet use that compulsiveness and mobile social interaction lead to negative outcomes.”
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“The Problematic Internet Usage Scale [8] consists of 15 items that measure compulsive and excessive internet use.”
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“…''Internet Addiction'' (IA; Griffiths, 1998, 2000; Young, 1996), as distinct from ''Excessive Internet Use'' (EIU; Hansen, 2002; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010), and ''Problematic Internet Use'' (PIU; Caplan, 2002; Shapira, Goldsmith, Keck, Khosla, & McElroy, 2000) with addictive characteristics.”
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“…partially in the coexistence of other terms used to describe an excessive Internet use (Pawlikowski et al., 2013; Vayre & Vonthron, 2019) such as problematic, excessive or pathological Internet use or Internet dependency (Caplan, 2002; Hansen, 2002; Meerkerk, van den Eijnden, & Garretson, 2006).”
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“…internet use, particularly for young adults: notably its addictive potential, as indicated by findings such as withdrawal symptoms and loss of control (Beard, 2005; Beard & Wolf, 2001; Brenner, 1997; Caplan, 2002; Davis, 2001; Griffiths, 2002; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000; Young, 1996, 1998).”
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Effect of Sex, Course and Age on SMS Addiction in Students
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“Maladaptive cognition is correlated with a series of issues related with problematic Internet use, including IGD (Caplan, 2002; Mai et al., 2012) and can be seen as a risk factor and a leading cause of IGD.”
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“Establishing prevalence is important as evidence suggests that compulsive Internet use results in depressive symptoms, loneliness, low self-esteem, anxiety and physiological symptoms (Caplan, 2002).”
Background
Relación entre el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas y el uso problemático de Internet en adolescentes
Ferreiro, S. G., Salgado, P. G., Tobío, T. B., Mallou, J. V., & Boubeta, A. R. (2017) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.959 · Cited by 32
Meeting online contacts in real life among adolescents: The predictive role of psychosocial wellbeing and internet-specific parenting
den Heuvel, A. V., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., van Rooij, A. J., & van de Mheen, D. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.018 · Cited by 31
“Several studies have shown that the social compensation hypothesis, which states that adolescents with few social resources use online communication more often in order to compensate for a lack of social contacts IRL (McKenna & Bargh, 1998; Subrahmanyam & Lin, 2007) is true for depressed adolescents (Caplan, 2002) and…”
BackgroundInfluential
Peer contagion processes for problematic internet use among Chinese college students: A process model involving peer pressure and maladaptive cognition
Zhou, N., Ma, S., Li, X., Zhang, J., Liang, Y., Yu, C., Geng, X., Meng, J., Yuan, X., Cao, H., et al. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.016 · Cited by 31
Childhood maltreatment, basic psychological needs satisfaction, internet addiction and internalizing problems
Gu, J., Wang, H., Xu, Y., Zhan, P., & Wang, J. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101533 · Cited by 33
Exploring the role of online social network dependency in habit formation
Thadani, D. R., & Cheung, C. M. K. (2011) · HKBU Institutional Repository (Hong Kong Baptist University) · Cited by 30
Uso autoinformado de Internet en adolescentes: perfil psicológico de un uso elevado de la red
Viñas, F. (2009) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 31
“Re: We Really Need to Talk”: Affect for Communication Channels, Competence, and Fear of Negative Evaluation
Keaten, J. A., & Kelly, L. (2008) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370802451646 · Cited by 31
“Yuen and Lavin (2004), like Caplan (2002), found that shyness was related to Internet dependence but also that feelings of shyness diminished online.”
BackgroundInfluential
Problematic Internet use, maladaptive future time perspective and school context
Babarro, J. M., Díaz-Aguado, M. J., & Falcón, L. (2018) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2017.282 · Cited by 31
Improving scale adaptation practices in information systems research: Development and validation of a cognitive validity assessment method
Pillet, J., Carillo, K., Vitari, C., & Pigni, F. (2023) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12428 · Cited by 35
İnternet ve Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Öğrenciler Üzerindeki Etkilerine Dair Bir Araştırma
Koca, E. B., & Tunca, M. Z. (2019) · Alanya Akademik Bakış · doi:10.29023/alanyaakademik.597820 · Cited by 37
DİJİTAL OKURYAZARLIK VE DİĞER DEĞİŞKENLERLE İNTERNET BAĞIMLILIĞI İLİŞKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Sinan, K. U. L. (2020) · Uluslararası Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri ve Bilgisayar Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33461/uybisbbd.646682 · Cited by 29
“…Journal of Management Information Systems and Computer Science, 2020, 4(1):28-41 Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Paper Type: Research Paper 30 Kul olan internet bağımlılığı netice itibariyle yalnızlık (Caplan, 2002) ve depresyon (Young, 2004) gibi psikolojik sorunlara da sebep olmaktadır.”
Relationship Between Loneliness and Depression Among Chinese Junior High School Students: The Serial Mediating Roles of Internet Gaming Disorder, Social Network Use, and Generalized Pathological Internet Use
Wang, P., Wang, J., Yan, Y., Si, Y., Zhan, X., & Tian, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.529665 · Cited by 31
Can the Problematic Internet Use evolve in a pre-psychotic state? A single case study with the Wartegg
Rizzo, A., Villa, L. D., & Crisi, A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.063 · Cited by 29
Problematic Instant Messaging Use
Neo, R. L., & Škorić, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01456.x · Cited by 30
“Also, such cognitions and behaviors of PIU were emphasized as key intermediary variables linking the relationship between pre-existing human predispositions and negative outcomes of PIU (Caplan, 2002, 2003; Davis, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The Effects of Personal Susceptibility and Social Support on Internet Addiction: an Application of Adler’s Theory of Individual Psychology
Tan, K. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9871-2 · Cited by 31
“Excessive use of Internet has resulted in psychological and behavioral dependencies such as Internet addiction, depression, and mood alteration (Byun et al. 2009; Caplan 2002; Odaci and Kalkan 2010; Widyanto and Griffiths 2006; Yadav et al. 2013).”
Background
Social Networking Sites Addiction and Materialism Among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model Involving Depression and Need to Belong
Wang, P., Lei, L., Yu, G., & Li, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581274 · Cited by 33
“Prior research argues that Internet addiction reflects a form of passive coping, which means that the users often count on the Internet to elude their troubles or problems in the real world (Caplan, 2002; Wang et al., 2018c).”
BackgroundResult
Mediating Medical Marijuana: Exploring How Veterans Discuss Their Stigmatized Substance Use on Reddit
Rhidenour, K. B., Blackburn, K. G., Barrett, A. K., & Taylor, S. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1886411 · Cited by 27
“PIU is defined as maladaptive cognitions and/or behaviors involving Internet use that result in negative professional or social outcomes (Caplan, 2002).”
Background
Problematic Internet Usage and Self-Esteem in Chinese Undergraduate Students: The Mediation Effects of Individual Affect and Relationship Satisfaction
Zeng, G., Zhang, L., Fung, S.-F., Li, J., Liu, Y.-M., Xiong, Z.-K., Jiang, Z.-Q., Zhu, F.-F., Chen, Z.-T., Luo, S.-D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136949 · Cited by 35
“Moreover, we extended the work of Davis [41], Caplan [42] and Senol-Durak and Durak [48] by empirically demonstrating with a sample of university students that individual affect and relationship satisfaction can be significant mediators of PIU.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Excessive Mobile Use and Family-Work Conflict: A Resource Drain Theory Approach to Examine Their Effects on Productivity and Well-Being
Magni, M., Ahuja, M. K., & Trombini, C. (2022) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.1121 · Cited by 30
Faktorielle Struktur der deutschen Version der Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) nach konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse
Peukert, P., Steffen, S., Kasmi, J. E., Barth, G. M., Meerkerk, G., & Batra, A. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000137 · Cited by 32
Problematic online experiences among Spanish college students: Associations with Internet use characteristics and clinical symptoms
Ortega, E. G., & Orgaz, B. M. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.038 · Cited by 28
“, 2011; Özcan & Buzlu, 2007), low self-esteem (Caplan, 2002; Chen, 2012; Kim & Davis, 2009; Niemz et al., 2005; Widyanto & Griffith, 2011) and loneliness (Caplan, 2002; Chen, 2012; Kim, LaRose, & Peng, 2009; Özcan & Buzlu, 2007), without being clear whether PIU leads to these symptoms or vice versa because studies hav…”
BackgroundInfluential
Mobile social networking and salesperson maladaptive dependence behaviors
Bata, H., Pentina, I., Tarafdar, M., & Pullins, E. B. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.025 · Cited by 28
“MSN maladaptive dpendence behaviors (MDBs), in turn, are defined as manifestations of excessive and uncontrolled interactions with mobile devices and social media platforms exhibited by salespeople in the process of using MSN for work (BallRokeach, 1985; Caplan, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Problematic internet use questionairre-short form-6 (PIUQ-SF 6): a validity and reliability study in Turkey
Göktaş, S., Aygar, H., Zencirci, S. A., Önsüz, M. F., Alaiye, M., & Metintaş, S. (2018) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182816 · Cited by 27
Association between smartphone overdependence and generalized anxiety disorder among Korean adolescents
Lee, Y.-S., Joo, J. H., Shin, J., Nam, C. M., & Park, E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.018 · Cited by 31
Internet Addiction and Its Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
enormanc, M., Konkan, R., & Zihni, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/26265 · Cited by 28
“The study results revealed that people with low self-esteem were alone, they preferred to establish social relationships through the internet instead of face-to-face communication and this played a role in the etiology, development and outcomes of extensive pathologic internet use (Caplan 2002).”
Background
Problematic Internet Use and Cyber Bullying in Vocational School Students
Nartgün, Ş. S., & Ci̇ci̇oğlu, M. (2015) · International Online Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.15345/iojes.2015.03.018 · Cited by 28
“…by researchers to describe problematic internet use which is a very recent concept that are termed overuse of internet, problematic internet use, pathological internet use, computer addiction and internet addiction (Caplan, 2002; Davis, 2001; Morahan-Martin and Schumacher, 2000; Young, 1998).”
Background
The Moderating Effect of Geographic Area on the Relationship Between Age, Gender, and Information and Communication Technology Literacy and Problematic Internet Use
Yu, L., Recker, M. M., Chen, S., Zhao, N., & Qiu-yan, Y. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0503 · Cited by 28

Authors: Caplan, S. E.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author: Caplan, Scott E
ORCID: Caplan, Scott E
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 553-575
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3
OpenAlex: W1970339110
Cited by: 1,279
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 15.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
Keywords: problematic internet use, psychosocial well-being, scale development, depression, loneliness, shyness, self-esteem, compulsive internet use, undergraduate students

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Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument

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