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Cited by 225Tryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and CortisolTreatment of Major Depression

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Cytokines, stress, and depressive illness

Anisman, H., Merali, Z.·2002·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
DOI 10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00009-0
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Abstract

It has been suggested that immune activation, and particularly increased activity of several cytokines, notably interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as their soluble receptors is characteristic of depression. Normalization of cytokine activity does not necessarily occur following successful antidepressant, suggesting that cytokines may be trait markers of depression, or simply represent bystander effects of the illness. The relationship between cytokines and depression is complicated as a variety factors could directly or indirectly influence cytokine activity. While cytokine elevations are most pronounced in severe (melancholic) depression, their activity may also be related to chronicity of illness, neurovegetative features of depression (altered sleep patterns, food intake, weight changes, fatigue or general activity), or the high stress perception characteristic of depression. Although, studies assessing cytokines in depressive populations are basically correlational in nature, patients receiving cytokine immunotherapy frequently show depressive symptoms, which may be attenuated by antidepressant medication, supporting a causal role for cytokines in depressive disorders. The processes underlying such outcomes remain to be established, but the affective changes may stem from the neuroendocrine and central neurochemical changes elicited by cytokines, as these are reminiscent of those associated thought to subserve depression.

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Metadata

Authors
Anisman, H., & Merali, Z.
Affiliations
  • Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre (CA)
  • University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author
Anisman, H.
ORCID
Merali, Z.
Venue
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-10
Volume
16
Issue
5
Pages
513-524
ISSN
0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00009-0
OpenAlex
W2011684192
Cited by
225
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
FWCI
1.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
cytokines, depression, interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, TNF-α, soluble cytokine receptors, immune activation, stress, endogenous depression, chronicity of depression, neurovegetative symptoms, cytokine therapy, antidepressant response, neuroendocrine changes
MeSH terms
Depressive Disorder, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines

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