Long-Term Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases the Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cholecystokinin mRNA, but not Neuropeptide Tyrosine mRNA in Specific Areas of Rat Brain
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is increasingly used as a therapeutic tool in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, and we recently found that it has a neuroprotective effect both in vitro and in vivo. However, the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects are still unknown. We investigated the effects of long-term rTMS on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cholecystokinin (CCK), and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) mRNA in rat brain. In situ hybridization revealed a significant increase in BDNF mRNA in the hippocampal areas CA3 and CA3c, the granule cell layer, as well as in the parietal and the piriform cortex after rTMS. BDNF-like immunoreactivity was markedly increased in the same areas. A significant increase in CCK mRNA was observed in all brain regions examined. NPY mRNA expression, in contrast, was not altered. The present results suggest that BDNF may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of rTMS. Furthermore, the rTMS-induced changes in BDNF and CCK expression are similar to those reported after antidepressant drug treatment and electroconvulsive seizures, suggesting that a common molecular mechanism may underlie different antidepressant treatment strategies.
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Induced plasticity (iPlasticity) has been hypothesized to play a major role in the actions of essentially all antidepressant treatments including slow-acting traditional antidepressants, transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, exercise, and acute sleep deprivation.
“Such induced plasticity (iPlasticity) (14) has been hypothesized to play a major role in the actions of essentially all antidepressant treatments including slow-acting traditional antidepressants (15), transcranial magnetic stimulation (16), electroconvulsive therapy (15, 17), exercise (18), and acute sleep deprivation (19).”
From Psychedelics and Other Psychoplastogens for Treating Mental Illness. (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Müller, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Müller, M
- ORCID
- Müller, M
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2000-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 205-215
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035353363
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Keywords
- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide tyrosine, mRNA expression, neuroprotection, hippocampus, piriform cortex, parietal cortex, antidepressant mechanism, electroconvulsive therapy, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Cholecystokinin, Electric Stimulation, Hippocampus, Male, Neuropeptide Y, Olfactory Pathways, Parietal Lobe, RNA, Messenger, Time, Rats, Wistar, Dentate Gyrus, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Rats
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