Implanted stimulators for restoration of function in spinal cord injury
Abstract
Neuroprostheses that electrically stimulate paralyzed muscles provide functional enhancements for individuals with spinal cord injury and stroke such as standing and stepping, reaching and grasping, and bladder and bowel function. For chronic applications, implanted neuroprostheses lead to reliable, low-maintenance and patient-acceptable systems. The advantages of such systems are discussed followed by a generic description of implantable stimulators. Features of current first and second generation neuroprostheses developed at our centre are discussed followed by our experience in the application of these devices in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury.
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Epimysial electrodes have proven their suitability in current complex motor prostheses that require coordinated stimulation of several muscles, for example, grasping system for tetraplegics (Freehand System) and standing and walking systems for paraplegics.
“Epimysial electrodes have proven their suitability in current complex motor prostheses that require coordinated stimulation of several muscles, for example, grasping system for tetraplegics (Freehand System) (Bhadra et al., 2001) and standing and walking systems for paraplegics”
From A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems (2005) · cites this paper as Bhadra et al., 2001
Forces generated by stimulating two completely independent populations of motor units will add linearly, even if one population is stimulated while neurons from the other population are in their absolute refractory period.
“Conversely, the forces generated by stimulating two completely independent populations of motor units will add linearly, even if one population is stimulated while neurons from the other population are in their absolute refractory period [14].”
From Optimization of selective stimulation parameters for multi-contact electrodes (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
Motor units in their absolute refractory period, which lasts between 1.5 and 2.1 ms, will not respond to stimulation.
“Another method for quantifying selectivity takes advantage of the concept that motor units in their absolute refractory period, which lasts between 1.5 and 2.1 ms, will not respond to stimulation [1,3,6,11-15].”
From Optimization of selective stimulation parameters for multi-contact electrodes (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
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Implantable Device Fabrication and Packaging
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- Authors
- Bhadra, N., Kilgore, K. L., & Peckham, P. H.
- Affiliations
- MetroHealth Medical Center (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bhadra, N
- Venue
- Medical Engineering & Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2001-01-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-28
- ISSN
- 1350-4533 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-4030
- OpenAlex
- W2149989616
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Medical Engineering & Physics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Case Western Reserve University
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000080, 5M01RR 00080)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Keywords
- spinal cord injury, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, implantable stimulator, stroke rehabilitation, bowel and bladder function, functional restoration, chronic stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Arm, Biomedical Engineering, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Leg, Prosthesis Design, Spinal Cord Injuries, Prostheses and Implants
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