The DOI matches its Crossref record; 138 of the 140 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease rests on the identification of the characteristics related to dopamine deficiency that are a consequence of degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta. However, non-dopaminergic and non-motor symptoms are sometimes present before diagnosis and almost inevitably emerge with disease progression. Indeed, non-motor symptoms dominate the clinical picture of advanced Parkinson's disease and contribute to severe disability, impaired quality of life, and shortened life expectancy. By contrast with the dopaminergic symptoms of the disease, for which treatment is available, non-motor symptoms are often poorly recognised and inadequately treated. However, attention is now being focused on the recognition and quantitation of non-motor symptoms, which will form the basis of improved treatments. Some non-motor symptoms, including depression, constipation, pain, genitourinary problems, and sleep disorders, can be improved with available treatments. Other non-motor symptoms can be more refractory and need the introduction of novel non-dopaminergic drugs. Inevitably, the development of treatments that can slow or prevent the progression of Parkinson's disease and its multicentric neurodegeneration provides the best hope of curing non-motor symptoms.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Indeed, non-motor symptoms dominate the clinical picture of PD”
From Distant delivery of a mindfulness-based intervention for people with Parkinson's disease: The study protocol of a randomised pilot trial (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“and contribute to severe disability, impaired quality of life, and shortened life expectancy [2].”
From Distant delivery of a mindfulness-based intervention for people with Parkinson's disease: The study protocol of a randomised pilot trial (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
Cites
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Johns, M. W. (1991) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/14.6.540 · Cited by 17,364
Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease
Braak, H., Tredici, K. D., Rüb, U., de Vos, R. A. I., Jansen Steur, E. N. H., & Braak, E. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00065-9 · Cited by 10,777
Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Kilford, L., & Lees, A. J. (1992) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.55.3.181 · Cited by 10,378
Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_184495 · Cited by 3,071
Parkinson, J. (2002) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.14.2.223 · Cited by 2,856
Recent developments in Parkinson's disease
Fahn, S., Elton, R., MARSDEN, C. D., Calne, D. B., & Goldstein, M. (1986) · Raven Press eBooks · Cited by 2,306
Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
Parent, A., & Hazrati, L.-N. (1995) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)00007-c · Cited by 2,161
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Chaudhuri, 2004, The holistic management of Parkinson's using a novel non-motor symptom scale and questionnaire, Adv Clin Neurosci Rehab, 4, 20
- Gulati, 2004, A clinical observational study of the pattern and occurrence of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease ranging from early to advanced disease, Mov Disord, 19, S406
- Abbott, 2005, Excessive daytime sleepiness and the future risk of Parkinson's disease, Mov Disord, 20, S101
- Doder, 2000, Brain serotonin 5HT1A receptors in Parkinson's disease with and without depression measured by positron emission tomography with 11C-WAY 10635, Mov Disord, 15, 213
- Diederich, 2005, Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkisnon's disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: focused review and a new integrative model, Mov Disord, 20, 130, 10.1002/mds.20308 · DOI
- Tyvaert, 2005, Sexual dysfunction and sub-thalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease, Park Related Disord, 11, 116
- Isaacson, 2005, Non-motor symptoms frequently herald end-of-dose wearing off in Parkinson's disease, Mov Disord, 20, S52
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,008
Selective dysfunction of basal ganglia subterritories: From movement to behavioral disorders
Tremblay, L., Worbe, Y., Thobois, S., Sgambato, V., & Féger, J. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26199 · Cited by 212
“early symptoms, such as depression, apathy, and anxiety, in some PD patients.(41,42) This brings us to”
BackgroundMedical Management of Levodopa-Associated Motor Complications in Patients with Parkinson???s Disease
Jankovic, J. J., & Stacy, M. A. (2007) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200721080-00005 · Cited by 214
Calabresi, P., Castrioto, A., Filippo, M. D., & Picconi, B. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70118-2 · Cited by 216
Kim, A., Darakjian, N., & Finley, J. M. (2017) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-017-0225-2 · Cited by 213
“We found that overall SSQ scores were higher in our PD group, but this is likely a side-effect of medication [62] or an expression of nonmotor symptoms of PD such as nausea [63] given that these symptoms were present before exposure to the virtual environment.”
BackgroundPrognostic factors for the progression of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review
Post, B., Merkus, M. P., de Haan, R. J., Speelman, J. D., & CARPA Study Group (2007) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21537 · Cited by 206
“The inclusion criteria were: (1) the study population consists of people with a diagnosis of PD; (2) one or more outcome measures that evaluate motor impairment (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)), disabilities (Schwab & England activities of daily living scale (SE), Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (HY)) o…”
Raj, R., Wairkar, S., Sridhar, V., & Gaud, R. S. (2017) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.056 · Cited by 205
“Loss of dopaminergic eurons is a hallmark feature of PD and a decline in motor functionng is the most common symptom that allows diagnosis of PD [1,2].”
BackgroundEvolution of Prodromal Clinical Markers of Parkinson Disease in a GBA Mutation–Positive Cohort
Beavan, M. S., McNeill, A., Proukakis, C., Hughes, D. A., Mehta, A. B., & Schapira, A. H. V. (2014) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2950 · Cited by 209
Self-citationNeuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives
Sarkar, S., Raymick, J. B., & Imam, S. Z. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17060904 · Cited by 224
“However, we cannot rule out the possibility that not only PD pathology is confined to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons but also include non-motor such as cognitive impairment, hallucinations and other disturbances due to dysfunction of autonomic nervous system also play major role(s) in the array of impairment…”
BackgroundMolecular and clinical prodrome of Parkinson disease: implications for treatment
Schapira, A. H. V., & TOLOSA, E. S. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.52 · Cited by 210
Self-citationOdin, P., Chaudhuri, К. R., Slevin, J. T., Volkmann, J., Dietrichs, E. S., Martínez‐Martín, P., Krauss, J. K., Henriksen, T., Katzenschlager, R., Antonini, A., et al. (2015) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.07.020 · Cited by 201
Current treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia
Y.Y. Szeto, J., & J.G. Lewis, S. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666151208112754 · Cited by 198
Behavioral phenotyping of mouse models of Parkinson's disease
Taylor, T. N., Greene, J. G., & Miller, G. W. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.004 · Cited by 212
“These symptoms include hyposmia, sleep abnormalities, gastrointestinal disturbances, anxiety, depression, autonomic dysfunction, and impaired cognition [15-17].”
BackgroundInfluentialAdenosine, adenosine A2A antagonists, and Parkinson's disease
Jenner, P. G., Mori, A., Hauser, R. A., Morelli, M., Fredholm, B. B., & Chen, J. (2009) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.12.006 · Cited by 200
“Non-motor features of PD invariably do not respond to dopaminergic medication and probably form the major challenge faced in the clinical management of PD [6].”
BackgroundThe effects of exercise on cognition in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
Murray, D., Sacheli, M., Eng, J. J., & Stoessl, A. J. (2014) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/2047-9158-3-5 · Cited by 202
Anxiety in Parkinson’s disease: A critical review of experimental and clinical studies
Prediger, R. D. S., Matheus, F. C., Schwarzbold, M. L., Lima, M. M. S., & Vital, M. A. B. F. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.039 · Cited by 190
Paiva, I., Pinho, R., Pavlou, M. A., Hennion, M., Wales, P., Schütz, A.-L., Rajput, A., Szegő, É. M., Kerimoglu, C., Gerhardt, E., et al. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx114 · Cited by 185
Many faces of Parkinson's disease: non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Lee, H. M., & Koh, S.-B. (2015) · Journal of Movement Disorders · doi:10.14802/jmd.15003 · Cited by 191
Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson’s disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management
Warnecke, T., Schäfer, K., Claus, I., Tredici, K. D., & Jost, W. H. (2022) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00295-x · Cited by 200
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and subtypes of Parkinson's disease
Romenets, S. R., Gagnon, J., Latreille, V., Panisset, M., Chouinard, S., Montplaisir, J. Y., & Postuma, R. B. (2012) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.25086 · Cited by 188
Neural control of the gastrointestinal tract: Implications for Parkinson disease
Cersosimo, M. G., & Benarroch, E. E. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22051 · Cited by 188
The role of Ca2+ signaling in Parkinson's disease
Zaichick, S., McGrath, K. M., & Caraveo, G. (2017) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.028738 · Cited by 191
“In fact, many of these regions correspond to the non-motor symptoms that often precede the motor symptoms of PD, such as apathy, pain, sexual difficulties, constipation and sleep disorders, among others (Braak et al., 2004; Chaudhuri et al., 2006; Lees et al., 2009).”
BackgroundProgression of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease
Xia, R., & Mao, Z. (2012) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1050-z · Cited by 186
“[46] Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AHV.”
BackgroundClinical correlates of quantitative EEG in Parkinson disease
Geraedts, V. J., Boon, L. I., Marinus, J., Gouw, A. A., van Hilten, J. J., Stam, C. J., Tannemaat, M. R., & Contarino, M. F. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006473 · Cited by 186
Lewy pathology and neurodegeneration in premotor Parkinson's disease
Tredici, K. D., & Braak, H. (2012) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.24921 · Cited by 187
Gorecki, A. M., Preskey, L., Bakeberg, M. C., Kenna, J. E., Gildenhuys, C., MacDougall, G., Dunlop, S. A., Mastaglia, F. L., Akkari, P. A., Koengten, F., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00839 · Cited by 184
Carvalho, M. M., Campos, F. L., Coimbra, B., Pêgo, J. M., Rodrigues, C., Lima, R., Rodrigues, A. J., Sousa, N., & Salgado, A. J. (2013) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-8-14 · Cited by 184
“Though to a lesser extent, the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway, originated in area A10, is also affected as the disease progresses [8-11].”
BackgroundNonmotor and diagnostic findings in subjects with de novo Parkinson disease of the DeNoPa cohort
Mollenhauer, B., Trautmann, E., Sixel‐Döring, F., Wicke, T., Ebentheuer, J., Schaumburg, M., Lang, E., Focke, N. K., Kumar, K. R., Lohmann, K., et al. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a6cbd5 · Cited by 185
“Olfactory dysfunction affects up to 90% of patients with PD and has been shown to be a marker candidate for the premotor stage of the disease.(25) In a smaller de novo PD cohort, olfactory dysfunction was shown in 24 (out of 41) untreated patients with PD and 18 (out of 24) healthy controls.”
BackgroundHariz, G.-M., & Forsgren, L. (2010) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01344.x · Cited by 192
“During the last years there has been more focus on the non-motor symptoms of the disease, such as sleeping difficulties, pain, sexual disturbances, mood changes and memory deficit, as well as depression and dementia (4).”
BackgroundCentral pathways causing fatigue in neuro-inflammatory and autoimmune illnesses
Morris, G., Berk, M., Walder, K. R., & Maes, M. H. J. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0259-2 · Cited by 187
Grosset, D. G., Taurah, L., Burn, D. J., MacMahon, D. G., Forbes, A. B., Turner, K., Bowron, A., Walker, R. W., Findley, L. J. J., Föster, O., et al. (2006) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.098327 · Cited by 181
Sleep spindles in Parkinson's disease may predict the development of dementia
Latreille, V., Carrier, J., Lafortune, M., Postuma, R. B., Bertrand, J., Panisset, M., Chouinard, S., & Gagnon, J. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.009 · Cited by 179
Baptista, M. A. S., Dave, K. D., Frasier, M. A., Sherer, T., Greeley, M. A., Beck, M. J., Varsho, J. S., Parker, G. A., Moore, C., Churchill, M. J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080705 · Cited by 178
“In addition, non-motor features such as depression, constipation, pain, and sleep disorders are important manifestations of the disease [4].”
BackgroundNon-motor symptoms in atypical and secondary parkinsonism: the PRIAMO study
and PRIAMO STUDY GROUP, Colosimo, C., Morgante, L., Antonini, A., Barone, P., Avarello, T. P., Bottacchi, E., Cannas, A., Ceravolo, M. G., Ceravolo, R., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5255-7 · Cited by 175
“Recently, pain, including musculoskeletal and visceral pain, has been described as fairly common in MSA and PD, even at disease onset [4, 10, 29, 32], and in VP, where it reflects the location of the cerebrovascular lesion.”
BackgroundThe prediagnostic phase of Parkinson's disease
Noyce, A. J., Lees, A. J., & Schrag, A. E. (2016) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2015-311890 · Cited by 187
“25 26 In established PD, patients regard non-motor symptoms at least as troublesome as motor features, and treatment is often dif fi cult.”
Physical therapy and occupational therapy in Parkinson's disease
Radder, D. L. M., Sturkenboom, I. H. W. M., van Nimwegen, M., Keus, S. H. J., Bloem, B. R., & de Vries, N. M. (2016) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2016.1275617 · Cited by 190
“Non-motor impairments can be present in the early stages of the disease or may even precede the expression of motor symptoms [22].”
BackgroundManifestations of Parkinson disease differ in association with REM sleep behavior disorder
Postuma, R. B., Gagnon, J., Vendette, M., Charland, K., & Montplaisir, J. Y. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22099 · Cited by 173
“ment, and sleep abnormalities can also vary greatly between individuals.(2) At present our understanding of”
BackgroundVera, E., Bosco, N., & Studer, L. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.062 · Cited by 179
Mindfulness based intervention in Parkinson's disease leads to structural brain changes on MRI
Pickut, B. A., Van Hecke, W., Kerckhofs, E., Mariën, P., Vanneste, S., Cras, P., & Parizel, P. M. (2013) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.10.002 · Cited by 174
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors: Rescuers of cognitive impairments
King, M. K., Pardo, M., Cheng, Y., Downey, K., Jope, R. S., & Beurel, E. (2013) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.010 · Cited by 177
“…disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons that causes memory impairments, sleep abnormalities, anxiety, depression, bradykinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity (Dawson and Dawson, 2003; Chaudhuri et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPreclinical Biomarkers of Parkinson Disease
Wu, Y., Le, W., & Jankovic, J. J. (2011) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.321 · Cited by 173
Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson's disease.
Brooks, D., & Pavese, N. (2011) · Progress in neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.009 · Cited by 163
The nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease—An overview
Lim, S., & Lang, A. E. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22786 · Cited by 171
“Multiple neurotransmitter systems other than dopamine are deranged in PD.5 Recent work on the staging of Lewy pathology in PD suggests that the dis- ease generally begins in the medulla and the olfactory complex and ascends in a predictable sequence eventually involving the entire neocortex.20 Involvement of periphera…”
BackgroundInfluentialSalivary biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases
Farah, R., Haraty, H., Salame, Z., Fares, Y., Ojcius, D. M., & Sadier, N. S. (2018) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.004 · Cited by 175
“The symptoms of this disorder have been classified into two groups, motor and non-motor [97] [98].”
BackgroundBody mass index in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis
van der Marck, M. A., Dicke, H. C., Uc, E. Y., Kentin, Z. H. A., Borm, G. F., Bloem, B. R., Overeem, S., & Munneke, M. (2011) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.10.016 · Cited by 169
Distinct effects of apathy and dopamine on effort-based decision-making in Parkinson’s disease
Heron, C. J. L., Plant, O., Manohar, S., Ang, Y., Jackson, M., Lennox, G. G., Hu, M. T., & Husain, M. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy110 · Cited by 162
“The past two decades have seen a surge in recognition of the importance and impact of non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease (Chaudhuri et al., 2006; Aarsland et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPanicker, N., Saminathan, H., Jin, H., Neal, M., Harischandra, D. S., Gordon, R., Kanthasamy, K. A., Lawana, V., Sarkar, S., Luo, J. D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0302-15.2015 · Cited by 166
The hidden sister of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: A review on nonmotor fluctuations
Martínez‐Fernández, R., Schmitt, E., Martínez‐Martín, P., & Krack, P. (2016) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26731 · Cited by 170
The premotor phase of Parkinson's disease
TOLOSA, E. S., Compta, Y., & Gaig, C. (2007) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.06.007 · Cited by 165
“Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system in PD is a well-known non-motor feature [14–18].”
BackgroundAssessment of Parkinson Disease Manifestations
Perlmutter, J. S. (2009) · Current Protocols in Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns1001s49 · Cited by 164
“Some patients also complain about vague, burning, achy types of pains called dysesthesias most commonly in the lower extremities (Chaudhuri et al., 2006).”
Sriraksa, N., Wattanathorn, J., Muchimapura, S., Tiamkao, S., Brown, K., & Chaisiwamongkol, K. (2011) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/823206 · Cited by 164
Rotigotine and specific non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: Post hoc analysis of RECOVER
Chaudhuri, К. R., Martínez‐Martín, P., Antonini, A., Brown, R. G., Friedman, J. H., ONOFRJ, M. C., Surmann, E., Ghys, L., & Trenkwalder, C. (2013) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.02.018 · Cited by 164
“Depression, anxiety, apathy, and anhedonia are prevalent in PD [5,26,27].”
BackgroundSubcortical contributions to large-scale network communication
Bell, P. T., & Shine, J. M. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.036 · Cited by 168
Energy Metabolism Decline in the Aging Brain—Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Błaszczyk, J. W. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10110450 · Cited by 166
The challenge of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease
Chaudhuri, К. R., & Odin, P. (2010) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(10)84017-8 · Cited by 164
Sakakibara, R., Panicker, J. N., Agrò, E. F., Iacovelli, V., & Bruschini, H. (2015) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.22764 · Cited by 163
“Bladder dysfunction is common in PD.(80,81,82) Bladder dysfunction substantially affects the QOL and correlates with neurological disability(83) and the stage of PD.”
Characterization of Retinal Microvascular and Choroidal Structural Changes in Parkinson Disease
Robbins, C. B., Thompson, A. C., Bhullar, P. K., Koo, H. Y., Agrawal, R. V., Soundararajan, S., Yoon, S. P., Polascik, B. W., Scott, B. L., Grewal, D. S., et al. (2020) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5730 · Cited by 163
Brainstem pathology and non-motor symptoms in PD
Grinberg, L. T., Rueb, U., Alho, A. T. D. L., & Heinsen, H. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.021 · Cited by 166
“The non-motor manifestations of PD include a wide range of symptoms from constipation to depression (Table 1) [1–3].”
When does Parkinson's disease begin?
Gaig, C., & TOLOSA, E. S. (2009) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22672 · Cited by 162
“Non-motor symptoms such as cognitive deterioration, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, smell loss, and dysautonomia are common in PD.(52) Some of these symptoms, such as hyposmia or REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), are frequently found at disease onset, and recent data suggest that in some instances they can anteda…”
BackgroundThe Neuropsychiatry of Parkinson Disease: A Perfect Storm
Weintraub, D. A., & Mamikonyan, E. (2019) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.03.002 · Cited by 172
The importance of non-motor disturbances to quality of life in Parkinson's disease
Martinez-Martin, P. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.006 · Cited by 160
Bright light therapy in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study
Paus, S., Schmitz‐Hübsch, T., Wüllner, U., Vogel, A., Klockgether, T., & Abele, M. (2007) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21542 · Cited by 162
The major impact of freezing of gait on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease
Walton, C. C., Shine, J. M., Hall, J. M., O’Callaghan, C., Mowszowski, L., Gilat, M., Szeto, J. Y. Y., Naismith, S. L., & Lewis, S. J. G. (2014) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-014-7524-3 · Cited by 173
Baudrexel, S., Nürnberger, L., Rüb, U., Seifried, C., Klein, J. C., Deller, T., Steinmetz, H., Deichmann, R., & Hilker, R. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.005 · Cited by 167
“Specifically, the T1 decreases overlapped with some of the non-dopaminergic nuclei of the midbrain and of the pontine reticular formation, indicating the involvement of non-dopaminergic brainstem regions with possible pathophysiological impact for the development of autonomic or psychiatric symptoms in the course of P…”
BackgroundQuantitation of non‐motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease
Chaudhuri, К. R., & Martínez‐Martín, P. (2008) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02212.x · Cited by 160
Acosta, S. A., Tajiri, N., de la Peña, I., Bastawrous, M., Sanberg, P. R., Kaneko, Y., & Borlongan, C. V. (2014) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.24830 · Cited by 160
“J O U R N A L O F C E L L U L A R P H Y S I O L O G Y P U B L I S H E D B Y W I L E Y P E R I O D I C A L S , I N C . and eventually to PD symptoms (Chaudhuri et al., 2006; Jankovic, 2008). a-Synuclein is a presynaptic protein that is activated through a number of processes such as phosphorylation…”
BackgroundPain, affective symptoms, and cognitive deficits in patients with cerebral dopamine dysfunction
Jarcho, J. M., Mayer, E. A., Jiang, Z. K., Feier, N. A., & London, E. D. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.01.002 · Cited by 160
Kurtis, M. M., Rajah, T., Delgado, L. F., & Dafsari, H. S. (2017) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/npjparkd.2016.24 · Cited by 158
“Urinary symptoms Urinary symptoms are important constituents of autonomic dysfunction and occur in 38–71% of PD patients and are therefore of the most frequent NMS.57 Another review has reported improvement in detrusor hyperreflexia and increased bladder capacity after DBS.7 A recent study reported significant improve…”
InfluentialSkidmore, F. M., Yang, M. C. K., Baxter, L., von Deneen, K. M., Collingwood, J. F., He, G., Tandon, R., Korenkevych, D., Savenkov, A. A., Heilman, K. M., et al. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.012 · Cited by 162
“Parkinson disease (PD) is a disorder that is characterized by de-novo development of a number of affective symptoms, including depression, apathy, compulsive behaviors, and anxiety (Chaudhuri et al., 2006).”
BackgroundRecent Advancements of Nanomedicine in Neurodegenerative Disorders Theranostics
Mukherjee, S., Madamsetty, V. S., Bhattacharya, D., Roy Chowdhury, S., Paul, M. K., & Mukherjee, A. (2020) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202003054 · Cited by 152
Treatment Options in the Modern Management of Parkinson Disease
Schapira, A. H. V. (2007) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.64.8.1083 · Cited by 154
“The development of nonmotor symptoms is the result predominantly of neuronal degeneration beyond the dopamine system and is associated with autonomic, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary problems in addition to sleep disturbance, cognitive deficits, and depression.(36) They include apathy, anxiety disorders, hallucina…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDubbelink, K. T. E. O., Stoffers, D., Deijen, J. B., Twisk, J. W. R., Stam, C. J., & Berendse, H. W. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.029 · Cited by 160
“In addition to prominent motor features, Parkinson's disease (PD) is also characterized by the presence of nonmotor disturbances including cognitive abnormalities (Chaudhuri et al., 2006).”
BackgroundComplex networks reveal early MRI markers of Parkinson’s disease
Amoroso, N., Rocca, M. L., Monaco, A., Bellotti, R., & Tangaro, S. (2018) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2018.05.004 · Cited by 159
Tau accelerates α-synuclein aggregation and spreading in Parkinson’s disease
Pan, L., Li, C., Meng, L., Tian, Y., He, M., Yuan, X., Zhang, G., Zhang, Z., Xiong, J., Chen, G., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac171 · Cited by 154
Effectiveness of multidisciplinary care for Parkinson's disease: A randomized, controlled trial
van der Marck, M. A., Bloem, B. R., Borm, G. F., Overeem, S., Munneke, M., & Guttman, M. (2012) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.25194 · Cited by 156
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, disabling disorder.(1,2) A multidisciplinary team approach is widely felt to offer better control of PD than pharmacotherapy alone.”
BackgroundMartínez‐Martín, P., Rodríguez‐Blázquez, C., & Forjaz, M. J. (2012) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1586/erp.11.106 · Cited by 161
Case Control Polysomnographic Studies of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson's Disease
Yong, M.-H., Fook-Chong, S., Pavanni, R., Lim, L.-L., & Tan, E.-K. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022511 · Cited by 152
“Sleep disturbances are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and adversely affect the quality of life [1,2].”
BackgroundBladder and bowel dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease
Sakakibara, R., Uchiyama, T., Yamanishi, T., Shirai, K., & Hattori, T. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0855-9 · Cited by 152
Probiotics for Parkinson’s Disease
Gazerani, P. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20174121 · Cited by 156
“However, clinical features of PD include non-motor symptoms [11,12], including olfactory dysfunction [13,14], pain and sensory disturbances [15–17], and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction [18,19].”
BackgroundSleep in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings
Zhang, Y., Ren, R., Sanford, L. D., Yang, L., Zhou, J., Tan, L., Li, T., Zhang, J., Wing, Y. K., Shi, J., et al. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101281 · Cited by 151
Genetic risk of Parkinson disease and progression:
Iwaki, H., Blauwendraat, C., Leonard, H. L., Liu, G., Maple‐Grødem, J., Corvol, J., Pihlstrøm, L., van Nimwegen, M., Hutten, S. J., Nguyen, K.-D. H., et al. (2019) · Neurology Genetics · doi:10.1212/nxg.0000000000000348 · Cited by 150
Caffeine and Parkinson’s Disease: Multiple Benefits and Emerging Mechanisms
Ren, X., & Chen, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.602697 · Cited by 167
Parkinson's disease motor subtypes and mood
Burn, D. J., Landau, S., Hindle, J. V., Samuel, M., Wilson, K., Hurt, C. S., Brown, R. G., & for the PROMS‐PD Study Group (2011) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.24041 · Cited by 149
“They can precede the onset of the motor symptoms(1,2) suggesting that Lewy-related and other pathology in selectively vulnerable structures may contribute to both motor and non-motor features.(3) Pathological data has suggested greater neuronal loss and gliosis in catecho-”
BackgroundKlepac, N., Trkulja, V., Relja, M., & Babić, T. (2008) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.02011.x · Cited by 146
“Besides the typical motor difficulties Parkinson s disease (PD) patients experience a variety of non-motor and neuropsychiatric impairments [1].”
BackgroundCersosimo, M. G., & Benarroch, E. E. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.09.030 · Cited by 151
“Orthostatic hypotension, defined as a 20 mm Hg fall in systolic blood pressure and a 10 mm Hg fall in diastolic blood pressure within 3 min of active standing or head-up tilt, may occur in 20–50% of patients with PD [57–61].”
BackgroundCampolo, M., Casili, G., Biundo, F., Crupi, R., Cordaro, M., Cuzzocrea, S., & Esposito, E. (2016) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2016.6800 · Cited by 144
“DMF did not significantly alter the emotional behavior component, suggesting a possible role of DA medication for DMF, because nonmotor features of PD are usually unresponsive to DA treatment (15).”
BackgroundAdvances in Parkinson’s Disease: 200 Years Later
del Rey, N. L., Quiroga‐Varela, A., Garbayo, E., Carballo‐Carbajal, I., Fernández‐Santiago, R., Monje, M. H. G., Trigo‐Damas, I., Blanco‐Prieto, M. J., & Blesa, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00113 · Cited by 146
The prodromal phase of sporadic Parkinson's disease: Does it exist and if so how long is it?
Hawkes, C. H. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22242 · Cited by 144
Campolo, M., Paterniti, I., Siracusa, R., Filippone, A., Esposito, E., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.003 · Cited by 143
Pinnell, J. R., Cui, M., & Tieu, K. (2020) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15288 · Cited by 146
“However, prodromal non-motor symptoms are commonly reported, which can begin decades prior to the onset of motor degeneration (Chaudhuri et al., 2006; Drolet et al., 2009; Schrag et al., 2019).”
BackgroundNonmotor gastrointestinal disorders in older patients with Parkinson’s disease: is there hope?
Georgescu, D., Ancusa, O., Georgescu, L., Ionita, I., & Reisz, D. (2016) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s106284 · Cited by 138
Awareness and current knowledge of Parkinson’s disease: a neurodegenerative disorder
Khan, A. U., Akram, M., Daniyal, M., & Zainab, R. (2018) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2018.1486837 · Cited by 151
“Cell-extrinsic systems, including prion-like spreading and inflammation, are considered to have both defensive and injurious potential in PD [67].”
BackgroundNishiwaki, H., Hamaguchi, T., Ito, M., Ishida, T., Maeda, T., Kashihara, K., Tsuboi, Y., Ueyama, J., Shimamura, T., Mori, H., et al. (2020) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00797-20 · Cited by 133
G lycation in P arkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
Miranda, H. V., El‐Agnaf, O. M. A., & Outeiro, T. F. (2016) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26566 · Cited by 146
Branchi, I., D’Andrea, I., Armida, M., Cassano, T., Pèzzola, A., Potenza, R. L., Morgese, M. G., Popoli, P., & Alleva, E. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21642 · Cited by 144
“Indeed, in addition to motor symptoms, about 60% of people with PD show psychiatry disturbances (Aarsland et al., 1999; Macht et al., 2005; Chaudhuri et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Pagano, G., Rengo, G., Pasqualetti, G., Femminella, G. D., Monzani, F., Ferrara, N., & Tagliati, M. (2014) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-308764 · Cited by 140
Nighttime sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease
Verbaan, D., van Rooden, S. M., Jeukens‐Visser, M., Marinus, J., & van Hilten, J. J. (2007) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21727 · Cited by 139
“Hence, recognition and better understanding of factors contributing to NSP and DS may have important consequences for patient management.(12) The first aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of NSP/DS with a reliable and valid questionnaire(13,14) in PD patients and to compare this with controls.”
Frucht, S. J. (2004) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/01.nrl.0000131146.08278.a5 · Cited by 139
Ferrazzoli, D., Ortelli, P., Zivi, I., Cian, V., Urso, E., Ghilardi, M. F., Maestri, R., & Frazzitta, G. (2018) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-316437 · Cited by 148
Reward sensitivity deficits modulated by dopamine are associated with apathy in Parkinson’s disease
Muhammed, K., Manohar, S., Yehuda, M. B., Chong, T. T. ‐., Tofaris, G. K., Lennox, G. G., Bogdanovic, M. D., Hu, M., & Husain, M. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aww188 · Cited by 148
“Finally, the diminished response to dopaminergic medication in apathy also raises the possibility of dopamine resistance (Carriere et al., 2014) and the potential that other neurotransmitter pathways could play a role in the disorder (Chaudhuri et al., 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Chaudhuri, K. R., Healy, D. G., & Schapira, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Schapira, Anthony HV
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 235-245
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1982535961
- Cited by
- 2,807
- References
- 140
- Citations by year
- 2026: 184 · 2025: 170 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 165 · 2020: 197 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 161 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 156 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 130 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 9.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, non-motor symptoms, depression, constipation, pain, genitourinary dysfunction, sleep disorders, substantia nigra pars compacta, neurodegeneration, quality of life, disability
- MeSH terms
- Autonomic Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Pain, Parkinson Disease, Psychotic Disorders, Sleep Wake Disorders, Disease Progression, Pain Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
