Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: fat intake and prevention of selected nutrition-related diseases

Wolfram, Günther; Bechthold, Angela; Boeing, Heiner; Ellinger, Sabine; Hauner, Hans; Kroke, Anja; Leschik-Bonnet, Eva; Linseisen, Jakob; Lorkowski, Stefan; Schulze, Matthias; Stehle, Peter; Dinter, Jessica

doi:10.1159/000437243

Cited by 94Fatty Acid Research and HealthNutritional Studies and DietNutrition, Health, and Society Studies

Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: fat intake and prevention of selected nutrition-related diseases

Wolfram, Günther, Bechthold, Angela, Boeing, Heiner, Ellinger, Sabine, Hauner, Hans, Kroke, Anja, Leschik-Bonnet, Eva, Linseisen, Jakob +4 more·2015·Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism

DOI 10.1159/000437243

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Abstract

As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article.

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Most CPGs included in this meta-epidemiologic study (96%) focused on populations with conditions related to a single major health outcome of interest, but 3 CPGs focused on 2 or more chronic diseases.
“Most CPGs included in this meta-epidemiologic study (96%) focused on populations with conditions related to a single major health outcome of interest (general health promotion, autoimmune diseases, cancers, CVD, digestive conditions, T2D, and weight-related conditions), but 3 CPGs focused on 2 or more chronic diseases (Supplemental Table 1) [[30], [31], [32]].”
From Commonalities among Dietary Recommendations from 2010 to 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Meta-Epidemiological Study from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [32]

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1 Introduction
Summerbell, C. D., Douthwaite, W., Whittaker, V., Ells, L. J., Hillier-Brown, F. C., Smith, S. A., Kelly, S. A., Edmunds, L., & Macdonald, I. A. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.80 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
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Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
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Fish Consumption and Incidence of Diabetes
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Maintenance of the LDL Cholesterol:HDL Cholesterol Ratio in an Elderly Population Given a Dietary Cholesterol Challenge
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Summerbell CD, Douthwaite W, Whittaker V, Ells LJ, Hillier F, Smith S, Kelly S, Edmunds LD, Macdonald I: The association between diet and physical activity and subsequent excess weight gain and obesity assessed at 5 years of age or older: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33(suppl 3):S1-S92.
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Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Carbohydrate Intake and Prevention of Nutrition-Related Diseases
Hauner, H., Bechthold, A., Boeing, H., Brönstrup, A., Buyken, A. E., Leschik‐Bonnet, E., Linseisen, J., Schulze, M. B., Strohm, D., & Wolfram, G. (2012) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000335326 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
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Authors: Wolfram, G., Bechthold, A., Boeing, H., Ellinger, S., Hauner, H., Kroke, A., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Linseisen, J., Lorkowski, S., Schulze, M., Stehle, P., & Dinter, J.
Affiliations: Technical University of Munich (DE)
Fulda University of Applied Sciences (DE)
Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
Helmholtz Munich (DE)
German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
Corresponding author: Dinter, Jessica
ORCID: Bechthold, Angela
Boeing, Heiner
Ellinger, Sabine
Hauner, Hans
Kroke, Anja
Linseisen, Jakob
Schulze, Matthias
Stehle, Peter
Venue: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2015
Volume: 67
Issue: 3
Pages: 141-204
ISSN: 0250-6807 (ISSN-L)
1421-9697
DOI: 10.1159/000437243
OpenAlex: W1894359789
Cited by: 94
References: 299
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 9.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
Keywords: dietary fat, fatty acids, nutrition-related chronic diseases, disease prevention, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, LDL cholesterol, dyslipoproteinemia, obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, stroke, cancer, dietary recommendations
MeSH terms: Energy Intake, Coronary Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fats, Humans, Hypertension, Neoplasms, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Stroke, Metabolic Syndrome, Dyslipidemias, Evidence-Based Practice, Recommended Dietary Allowances

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Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: fat intake and prevention of selected nutrition-related diseases

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