Energy balance and weight regulation: genetics versus environment
Open accessAbstract
The prevalence of obesity is reaching epidemic proportions in many industrialized countries. There is growing evidence that, even if the trigger of this epidemic is found in changes in the environment, genes are interacting with the environment to cause weight gain. Studies of twins reared apart indicate that approximately two-thirds of the variability in BMI is attributed to genetic factors. From prospective studies in Pima Indians we can ascribe 12 % of the variability in BMI to metabolic rate, 5 % to fat oxidation, and another probable 10 % to the level of spontaneous physical activity. These data indicate that at least 40 % of the variability in BMI is related to genetic factors involved in the regulation of food intake and/or volitional activity. This indicates that the most likely successful therapy for obesity may target pathways of the regulation of food intake. Similarly, an environment favouring engagement in physical activity should be promoted.
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Strong attraction to food and food cues, slow satiety mechanisms, and high metabolic efficiency were advantageous for survival in a scarce environment.
“Biological traits like strong attraction to food and food cues, slow satiety mechanisms, and high metabolic efficiency, advantageous for survival in a scarce environment, seem now to be our worst enemies when it comes to resisting an abundance of food”
From Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [130]
Strong attraction to food and food cues, slow satiety mechanisms, and high metabolic efficiency now make it difficult to resist an abundance of food.
“Biological traits like strong attraction to food and food cues, slow satiety mechanisms, and high metabolic efficiency, advantageous for survival in a scarce environment, seem now to be our worst enemies when it comes to resisting an abundance of food”
From Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [130]
The current obesity epidemic is best explained as a mismatch between the modern environment/lifestyle and biological response patterns that evolved in a scarce environment.
“the current obesity epidemic is best explained as a mismatch between the modern environment/lifestyle and biological response patterns that evolved in a scarce environment.”
From Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [130]
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- Authors
- Ravussin, E., & Bogardus, C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US)
- ORCID
- Bogardus, Clifton
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S17-S20
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2076540533
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- obesity, energy balance, body weight regulation, genetic factors, gene-environment interaction, body mass index, twins reared apart, Pima Indians, metabolic rate, fat oxidation, physical activity, food intake regulation, obesity treatment
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Indians, North American, Life Style, Obesity, Weight Gain, Exercise, Twin Studies as Topic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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