Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women-a simple instrument describing usual meal types, frequency and temporal distribution
Abstract
Objective To characterize meal patterns in relation to obesity in Swedish women using a simple instrument describing meal frequency, meal types and temporal distribution.Design Cross-sectional parallel group design.Subjects Eighty-three obese women from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study were compared with 94 reference women, randomly recruited from the population.Method A new, simplified and self-instructing questionnaire was used to assess meal patterns. Usual meal pattern was reported as time and meal type for each intake episode during a typical day.Results The obese women consumed 6.1 meals/day compared with 5.2 meals/day among the reference women (P<0.0001). All types of meals except 'drink meals' were significantly more frequently consumed in the obese group. The obese women also displayed a different meal pattern across the day, consuming a larger number of meals later in the day. As a result a larger fraction of each obese woman's total meals were consumed in the afternoon and in the evening/night. There was no difference in the number of obese vs reference women consuming breakfast. Snack meals were positively associated with total energy intake in both groups.Conclusions A new simplified method assessing meal pattern revealed that the number of reported intake occasions across a usual day was higher in obese women compared with controls and the timing was shifted to later in the day. These findings should be considered in the treatment of obesity.
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Studies of suicide rates from India show peaks in April and May.
“Studies of suicide rates from India also show peaks in April and May.15”
From Festive medical myths (2008) · cites this paper as [15]
Around the world, suicides peak in warmer months and are lowest in winter.
“Around the world, suicides peak in warmer months and are actually lowest in the winter.”
From Festive medical myths (2008) · cites this paper as [15]
People are not more likely to commit suicide during the dark winter months.
“Further debunking myths about suicide, people are not more likely to commit suicide during the dark winter months.”
From Festive medical myths (2008) · cites this paper as [15]
Compared with lean controls, obese individuals tend to consume less in the morning and more in the evening.
“Previous studies have indicated that obese people tend to eat less in the morning and more in the evening than do lean controls (10,11,14,15).”
The reliability and validity of meal pattern questionnaires are often not reported.
“The reliability and validity of meal pattern questionnaires are often not reported( 16 )”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Bertéus Forslund, H., Lindroos, A., Sjöström, L., & Lissner, L.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Nordic School of Public Health (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lindroos, AK
- ORCID
- Lissner, L
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2002-07-19
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 740-747
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2028274580
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- meal patterns, obesity, women, meal frequency, meal type, breakfast, total energy intake, questionnaire development, Swedish Obese Subjects study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sweden, Time Factors
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