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Cited by 145Diet, Metabolism, and DiseaseDietary Effects on HealthFood composition and properties

Effect of meal timing and glycaemic index on glucose control and insulin secretion in healthy volunteers

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Morgan, Linda M., Shi, Jiang-Wen, Hampton, Shelagh M., Frost, Gary·2012·British Journal of Nutrition
DOI 10.1017/s0007114511006507
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Abstract

Shiftworkers have a higher risk of CHD and type 2 diabetes. They consume a large proportion of their daily energy and carbohydrate intake in the late evening or night-time, a factor which could be linked to their increase in disease risk. We compared the metabolic effects of varying both dietary glycaemic index (GI) and the time at which most daily energy intake was consumed. We hypothesised that glucose control would be optimal with a low-GI diet, consumed predominantly early in the day. A total of six healthy lean volunteers consumed isoenergetic meals on four occasions, comprising either high- or low-GI foods, with 60 % energy consumed predominantly early (breakfast) or late (supper). Interstitial glucose was measured continuously for 20 h. Insulin, TAG and non-esterified fatty acids were measured for 2 h following every meal. Highest glucose values were observed when large 5021 kJ (1200 kcal) high-GI suppers were consumed. Glucose levels were also significantly higher in predominantly late high- v. low-GI meals (P < 0·01). Using an estimate of postprandial insulin sensitivity throughout the day, we demonstrate that this follows the same trend, with insulin sensitivity being significantly worse in high energy consumed in the evening meal pattern. Both meal timing and GI affected glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. Avoidance of large, high-GI meals in the evening may be particularly beneficial in improving postprandial glucose profiles and may play a role in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes; however, longer-term studies are needed to confirm this.

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  • Meal timing may have important effects on body weight, appetite and glucose and lipid metabolism.

    “Current evidence indicates that meal timing may have important effects on body weight, appetite and glucose and lipid metabolism (7 -11) .”

    From Effects of consuming later evening meal<i>v</i>. earlier evening meal on weight loss during a weight loss diet: a randomised clinical trial (2021) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Results (page unavailable) report that meal timing affected postprandial glucose and insulin responses in six healthy volunteers. The Discussion (page unavailable) cites previous evidence of impaired lipid tolerance after nighttime meals, although TAG and NEFA were unaffected in this study. The paper does not address effects on body weight or appetite. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Other studies have shown that insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance fall gradually during the day, with insulin sensitivity reaching the lowest level in the evening.

    “and other studies have shown that insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance fall gradually during the day with insulin sensitivity reaching the lowest level in the evening (11,36) .”

    From Effects of consuming later evening meal<i>v</i>. earlier evening meal on weight loss during a weight loss diet: a randomised clinical trial (2021) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Abstract reports greatest insulin resistance at night and poorer glucose tolerance after nighttime meals. The Discussion reports a greater glucose and insulin response to a large evening meal than to the same meal in the morning. Neither passage establishes that both measures fall gradually throughout the day; the study’s findings also depend on meal size and glycaemic index. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  • Consuming the main energy component in the evening instead of midday is connected to impaired insulin sensitivity measured in insulin secretion and glucose tolerance.

    “Similar results, indicating an increased risk for weight gain, were observed when the main energy component was consumed in the evening instead of midday (73), showing a connection to impaired insulin sensitivity measured in insulin secretion and glucose tolerance (74).”

    From Meal timing and its role in obesity and associated diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [74]

    The Results report that meal timing affected glucose and insulin responses and that estimated postprandial insulin resistance was greatest for the high-GI evening regimen. The Discussion compares a large evening meal with the same meal in the morning, not at midday. Thus the paper supports a connection between evening eating and impaired glucose and insulin responses, but not the stated midday comparison. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  • The insulin-response result agreed with an earlier short-term trial (42) in healthy volunteers.

    “This outcome was consistent with a previous short-term study (42) that was conducted in healthy volunteers with a different design and evaluated the short-term effects of high energy intake at breakfast compared with at dinner in combination with the effect of the glycemic index.”

    From Beneficial effect of high energy intake at lunch rather than dinner on weight loss in healthy obese women in a weight-loss program: a randomized clinical trial (2016) · cites this paper as [42]

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Authors
Morgan, L. M., Shi, J.-W., Hampton, S. M., & Frost, G.
Affiliations
  • University of Surrey (GB)
  • Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Frost, Gary
ORCID
Venue
British Journal of Nutrition
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2011-12-16
Volume
108
Issue
7
Pages
1286-1291
ISSN
  • 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
  • 1475-2662
DOI
10.1017/s0007114511006507
OpenAlex
W2128092694
Cited by
145
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
FWCI
3.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations
  • British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research
  • Diabetes UK
  • Medical Research Council
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
  • NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
Keywords
meal timing, glycemic index, glycemic control, insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, shift work, type 2 diabetes risk, dinner, continuous glucose monitoring, free fatty acids, triglycerides
MeSH terms
Insulin Secretion, Adult, Energy Intake, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, England, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Female, Glucose, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Time Factors, Triglycerides, Cross-Over Studies, Monitoring, Ambulatory, Postprandial Period, Glycemic Index, Extracellular Fluid, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Meals

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