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MOTIVES UNDERLYING HEALTHY EATING: USING THE FOOD CHOICE QUESTIONNAIRE TO EXPLAIN VARIATION IN DIETARY INTAKE
Abstract
The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), which measures the reported importance to a given individual of nine factors underlying food choice, and a food frequency questionnaire, were administered to 241 participants, who were also required to classify their diet as either 'standard', 'low in red meat' or 'vegetarian'. Respondents describing their diet as low in red meat attributed greater importance to health, natural content, weight control and ethical concern in their food choice than did those who described their diets as standard, whereas vegetarians differed significantly from those with a standard diet only on the score for ethical concern. Differences between men and women and between students and non-students in the frequency of consumption of a number of foods were shown to be mediated by differences in the importance attached to FCQ factors. Thus the generally healthier diets of women compared to men appeared to be accounted for by the greater importance attributed by women to weight control, natural content and ethical concerns.
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“Healthfulness is one among several dimensions of food quality and food choices in consumers' minds (Grunert, 2010;Pollard, Steptoe, & Wardle, 1998;Steptoe et al., 1995).”
From Relationships between functional food consumption and individual traits and values: A segmentation approach (2021) · cites this paper as Pollard et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The scale has been found to be reliable and internally consistent [18,19].”
From The association of demographic characteristics and food choice motives with the consumption of functional foods in emerging adults (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“There is strong evidence to suggest that the difference in the importance placed on naturalness, ecological welfare and weight control can explain why women generally eat healthier in comparison to men [19].”
From The association of demographic characteristics and food choice motives with the consumption of functional foods in emerging adults (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“This finding supports previous research showing a positive relationship between the FCM natural content and healthy eating behaviour [19,20,64].”
From The association of demographic characteristics and food choice motives with the consumption of functional foods in emerging adults (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“An increased emphasis on the motives of health, natural content and weight control has been found to associate with healthy eating behaviour [19,20,21].”
From The association of demographic characteristics and food choice motives with the consumption of functional foods in emerging adults (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have related these FCMs to healthy eating behaviour [19,20,21].”
From The association of demographic characteristics and food choice motives with the consumption of functional foods in emerging adults (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“This is in line with previous research, which shows a relationship between health, healthy eating behaviour and functional food consumption [19,20,22].”
From The association of demographic characteristics and food choice motives with the consumption of functional foods in emerging adults (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
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“In agreement with our findings, eating “naturally” has been identified as an important aspect of healthy eating for some individuals.(12,14,18,35) The prevalence of the importance of eating “natural foods” in the literature makes it surprising that a number of studies objecFalk et al.”
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“The ranking of motives for the WBCs for the most part echoes studies in other European countries, as the same factors are reported to be the most important in British (Pollard et al., 1998; Steptoe et al., 1995), Belgian, Italian (Eertmans et al., 2006), Russian (Honkanen & Frewer, 2009), Finnish (Lindeman & Väänänen,…”
Forestell, C. A., Spaeth, A. M., & Kane, S. A. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.015 · Cited by 149
“…ovo-vegetarians), whose eating habits are more likely to be 176motivated by ethical and philosophical reasons rather than weight 177control (cf. Pollard et al., 1998), were hypothesized to be less neo178phobic, more open to new experiences, and have restraint scores 179that would not differ…”
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Importance of food choice motives vary with degree of food neophobia
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Motivations for healthful dietary change
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The motivational and informational basis of attitudes toward foods with health claims
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“motives as being among the most important for individual food choice((8,10,21)).”
InfluentialFlexitarian Diet and Weight Control: Healthy or Risky Eating Behavior?
Forestell, C. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00059 · Cited by 49
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Motivations to eat healthily in older Dutch adults - a cross sectional study
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“This is consistent with other studies that showed that body weight or reducing body weight are important motivations to eat healthily [19,26].”
MethodResultWhat motivates the consumer's food choice?
Jáuregui‐Lobera, I., & Ríos, P. B. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.1590/s0212-16112011000600018 · Cited by 44
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“food intake, and choices of foods and beverages can affect the risk of overweight and obesity((35)).”
BackgroundDomestic tourists and local food consumption: motivations, positive emotions and savouring processes
Sthapit, E., Björk, P., & Piramanayagam, S. (2021) · Annals of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/11745398.2021.1993287 · Cited by 52
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“There is strong evidence to suggest that the difference in the importance placed on naturalness, ecological welfare and weight control can explain why women generally eat healthier in comparison to men [19].”
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“Second, some previously reported dietary measurement error factors (physical activity [12,14], education [14], race/ethnicity [14], and motivation [54]) were not evaluated in our study.”
BackgroundFood and value motivation: Linking consumer affinities to different types of food products
de Boer, J., & Schösler, H. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.03.028 · Cited by 35
Motive-based consumer segments and their fruit and vegetable consumption in several contexts
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“Because many factors are known to affect food choice [11-23], Multiattribute Expected Utility Theory [24-26] was identified as an appropriate theoretical framework for guiding this investigation.”
BackgroundLet’s talk about health: shoppers’ discourse regarding health while food shopping
O’Brien, M., McConnon, A., Hollywood, L., Cuskelly, G., Barnett, J., Raats, M., & Dean, M. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014001116 · Cited by 31
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Nystrand, B. T., & Olsen, S. O. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104736 · Cited by 28
Marsola, C. D. M., de Carvalho‐Ferreira, J. P., Cunha, L. M., Jaime, P. C., & da Cunha, D. T. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110227 · Cited by 30
Breakfast eating patterns and drivers of a healthy breakfast composition
Delley, M., & Brunner, T. A. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.006 · Cited by 28
Antecedents and outcomes of memorable halal food experiences of non-Muslim tourists
Sthapit, E., Björk, P., Piramanayagam, S., & Coudounaris, D. N. (2022) · Journal of Islamic marketing · doi:10.1108/jima-08-2021-0271 · Cited by 29
Self-Other Differences in Perceiving Why People Eat What They Eat
Sproesser, G., Klusmann, V., Schupp, H. T., & Renner, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00209 · Cited by 26
“In a similar vein, Sparks et al. (1995) argued that an overestimation of one’s own as compared to one’s peers’ healthy eating might prevent diet modification (see also Oenema and Brug, 2003).”
InfluentialYoung adults' food motives: an Australian social marketing perspective
Piggford, T., Raciti, M., Harker, D., & Harker, M. J. (2008) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/17473610810857282 · Cited by 23
“Health benefits (1) were a major determinant of food choice in the UK, American, Canadian, Ukrainian and Pan-European Union studies (Biloukha and Utermohlen, 2001; Glanz et al., 1998; Lennernäs et al., 1997; Pollard et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialFood choice and food consumption frequency of Cape Verde inhabitants
Cabral, D. E. D. R., Cunha, L. M., & de Almeida, M. D. V. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.04.005 · Cited by 25
Kyutoku, Y., Minami, Y., Koizumi, T., Okamoto, M., Kusakabe, Y., & Dan, I. (2011) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2011.10.002 · Cited by 21
Comparison of Food Choice Motives between Malay Husbands and Wives in an Urban Community.
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Cardello, A. V., Chheang, S. L., HEDDERLEY, D. I., Guo, L. F., Hunter, D. C., & Jaeger, S. R. (2018) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.10.008 · Cited by 21
Hoek, A. C. (2010) · doi:10.18174/15997 · Cited by 21
Nitzko, S., Bahrs, E., & Spiller, A. (2022) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2022.01.016 · Cited by 25
Marshall, H. M., Reinhart, A. M., Feeley, T. H., Tutzauer, F., & Anker, A. E. (2008) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410230801968252 · Cited by 19
“Although ethical concerns and health were important to the sample as a whole, when students were considered separately, their diet was found to be primarily unhealthy, and price was found to be leading predictor of food selected (Pollard et al., 1998).”
BackgroundDaly, A. N., O’Sullivan, E. J., Walton, J., Kehoe, L., McNulty, B. A., Flynn, A., & Kearney, J. M. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106981 · Cited by 22
Whitelock, V., Gaglione, A., Davies‐Owen, J., & Robinson, E. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.021 · Cited by 18
Blešić, I., Petrović, M. D., Gajić, T., Tretiakova, T. N., Vujičić, M. D., & Syromiatnikova, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Ethnic Foods · doi:10.1186/s42779-021-00096-2 · Cited by 18
Mai, R., & Hoffmann, S. (2016) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.11.009 · Cited by 18
Food Choice Influencers of Mothers of Young Children
Byrd‐Bredbenner, C., & Abbot, J. M. (2008) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/01.tin.0000333553.31004.94 · Cited by 17
“Children ≥ 2 years 42 (10) 232 (55) 61 (14) 88 (21) Mothers 6 (3) 91 (45) 55 (27) 49 (24) Fathers 3 (1) 53 (26) 101 (50) 44 (22)”
Garcia, D. O., Valdez, L. A., Bell, M. L., Humphrey, K., Hingle, M. D., McEwen, M. M., & Hooker, S. P. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2018.01.010 · Cited by 19
“• Motives for Physical Activity Questionnaire [45] and Food Choice Questionnaire [46] to assess motivation for engaging in healthy diet and physical activity.”
BackgroundMeasuring Tourist's Motivations for Consuming Local Angkringan Street Food in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Yusuf, M. (2017) · Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies · doi:10.21776/ub.jitode.2017.005.02.01 · Cited by 16
Adriaanse, M. A., Evers, C., Verhoeven, A. A. C., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001500097x · Cited by 16
“Nevertheless, this stronger intention might not necessarily be beneficial as it has also been suggested that women’s motivation to eat a healthy diet masks concern about their appearance((21,22)) rather than their health, which may actually lead to unhealthy eating patterns.”
da Silva, W. R., Marôco, J. P., Alvarenga, M. D. S., & Campos, J. Á. D. B. (2022) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12775 · Cited by 18
Black, D. S., Lam, C. N., Nguyen, N. T., Ihenacho, U., & Figueiredo, J. C. (2016) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2015.0332 · Cited by 16
Cross-cultural variations in motives and barriers for organic food consumption: a narrative review
Zidan, S. J., Hilary, S., & Platat, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1493325 · Cited by 19
Reid, M., Bunting, J., & Hammersley, R. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.03.012 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- POLLARD, T. M., STEPTOE, A., & WARDLE, J.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Biosocial Science
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1998-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 165-179
- ISSN
- 0021-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7599
- OpenAlex
- W1988500082
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Biosocial Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Keywords
- Food Choice Questionnaire, food choice motives, healthy eating, vegetarian diet, weight management, sex differences in diet, food frequency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Choice Behavior, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Health Behavior
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