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Cited by 39Consumer Attitudes and Food LabelingNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorConsumer Behavior and Marketing Influence

The association of demographic characteristics and food choice motives with the consumption of functional foods in emerging adults

Open access
Vorage, Lieke, Wiseman, Nicola, Graca, Joana, Harris, Neil·2020·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu12092582PMC PMC7551355
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Abstract

The functional food market is one of the fastest growing segments of the global food industry. The aims of this study were to understand the association of demographic characteristics and food choice motives (FCMs) with (a) attitudes toward functional foods and (b) consumption of functional foods in Australian emerging adults. Data were collected through a paper-based and online questionnaire completed by 370 young adults aged between 17 and 29 years. A binomial logistic regression was used to determine the association between demographic characteristics and FCMs with attitudes towards functional foods. The logistic regression model was statistically significant at χ2(11) = 48.310 (p < 0.001) and explained 18.1% of the variance in attitude towards functional food. Of the several predictors, only the FCMs natural content and weight control were statistically significant. A binomial logistic regression was also used to determine the association between demographic characteristics and FCMs with the consumption of functional foods. The logistic regression model was statistically significant at χ2(9) = 37.499 (p < 0.001) and explained 14.1% of the variance in functional food consumption. Of the eight predictors, three were statistically significant: living situation, natural content and health. Findings highlight that when targeting emerging adults, functional food companies could benefit from promoting the natural and health properties of their products. Furthermore, consumption can be increased by targeting the parents of emerging adults and by designing functional foods that attract emerging adults interested in controlling weight.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This cross-sectional survey of 370 Australian emerging adults examined how demographic characteristics and food choice motives relate to attitudes toward and consumption of functional foods. Natural content and weight control predicted positive attitudes, while living dependently, natural content, and health predicted higher functional food consumption.

Key findings

  • The attitude model was significant, χ²(11) = 48.310, p < 0.001, explained 18.1% of variance, and correctly classified 68.1% of cases; high natural content (1.82-fold) and high weight control (2.79-fold) were significantly associated with positive attitudes.
  • The consumption model was significant, χ²(9) = 37.499, p < 0.001, explained 14.1% of variance, and correctly classified 68.9% of cases; living dependently (2.79-fold), high natural content (2.05-fold), and high health (1.80-fold) were significantly associated with high functional food consumption.
  • Females had significantly higher mean rank scores for natural content (p = 0.018), ecological welfare (p < 0.001), and weight control (p = 0.026); males had higher religion (p = 0.035). Younger emerging adults (17–20) rated weight control higher than older emerging adults (21–29) (p = 0.036), and independent living was associated with higher health motive scores (p = 0.021).
  • No significant associations were found between income and food choice motives (all p > 0.05), and gender was not associated with attitudes toward or consumption of functional foods.

Methods

  • Cross-sectional convenience sample of 370 emerging adults aged 17–29 years, recruited at Griffith University in April 2017 via paper-based and online questionnaires; average completion time was 10 minutes.
  • Food choice motives were measured using the Food Choice Questionnaire plus scales for ethical dimensions and fitness, covering 12 dimensions; attitudes toward functional foods used seven 5-point Likert items, and consumption frequency used a 1–10 scale.
  • Analysis included Cronbach’s alphas, Shapiro–Wilk tests, Mann–Whitney U tests with mean ranks, Spearman correlations, and binomial logistic regressions with median splits; significance was set at p < 0.05, using SPSS version 23.

Limitations

  • The paper states that females were overrepresented (73.5%, n = 272 of 370), all participants were university students, and university students are not a truly representative sample of emerging adults; future research should address these limitations.
  • The paper notes very low variation in income in the study population, which may explain the lack of income effects.
  • Evident from the text: the cross-sectional design cannot establish causality, and the use of convenience sampling plus self-reported questionnaire measures may limit generalizability and introduce response bias.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu12092582

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 95 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Participants who had a high score in the motive natural content were 1.82-fold more likely to have a positive attitude towards functional foods.

    “Participants who had a high score in the motive natural content were 1.82-fold more likely to have a positive attitude towards functional foods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The consumption model explained 14.1% of the variance in functional food consumption.

    “explained 14.1% of the variance in functional food consumption”
    • Also stated in: § 3.4. Association of Demographic Characteristics and Food Choice Motives with Consumption · plain
      “The model explained 14.1% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in functional food consumption”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The attitude model explained 18.1% of the variance in attitude towards functional food.

    “explained 18.1% of the variance in attitude towards functional food”
    • Also stated in: § 3.3. Association of Demographic Characteristics and Food Choice Motives with Attitudes · plain
      “The model explained 18.1% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in attitude towards functional food”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The logistic regression model for functional food consumption was statistically significant at χ2(9) = 37.499 (p < 0.001).

    “The logistic regression model was statistically significant at χ2(9) = 37.499 (p < 0.001)”
    • Also stated in: § 3.4. Association of Demographic Characteristics and Food Choice Motives with Consumption · plain
      “The logistic regression model was statistically significant at χ2(9) = 37.499 (p < 0.001) (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Of the eight predictors, living situation, natural content and health were statistically significant for functional food consumption.

    “Of the eight predictors, three were statistically significant: living situation, natural content and health.”
    • Also stated in: § 3.4. Association of Demographic Characteristics and Food Choice Motives with Consumption · plain
      “Of the eight predictors, only three were statistically significant, these included living situation, natural content and health (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 45
  • May combine two claims. 21
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The consumption model correctly classified 68.9% of cases.

    “correctly classified 68.9% of cases”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Females were overrepresented in the sample drawn (73.5%, n = 272 of 370).

    “Further, females were over represented in the sample drawn (73.5%, n = 272 of 370).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Health as a food choice motive predicted functional food consumption, with those rating health as very important more likely to consume than those rating it a little or moderately important.

    “The FCM health predicted participants’ consumption of functional foods.”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3. Effect of Demographic Characteristics and Food Choice Motives on Attitudes toward and Consumption of Functional Foods · hedged
      “Health was, however, able to explain the consumption of functional food which indicates that those who indicate that health is ‘very important’, compared to those who find health ‘a little’ or ‘moderately important’ are more likely to consume these products.”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · hedged
      “Further, those who live dependently and put greater emphasis on the FCMs natural content and health are more likely to have a higher consumption of functional foods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Living situation predicted functional food consumption, with those living dependently consuming more functional foods than those living independently.

    “Finally, living situation was able to predict the consumption of functional foods, with those living dependently consuming more functional foods than those that lived independently.”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3. Effect of Demographic Characteristics and Food Choice Motives on Attitudes toward and Consumption of Functional Foods · plain
      “This study contributes to this line of research by showing that students living at home consume more functional foods than those living independently.”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · hedged
      “Further, those who live dependently and put greater emphasis on the FCMs natural content and health are more likely to have a higher consumption of functional foods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A sample size of 350 emerging adults was determined appropriate, assuming a medium effect (standardized difference of 0.3).

    “To ensure valid results, a sample size of 350 emerging adults was determined appropriate, assuming a medium effect (standardized difference of 0.3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Ethical dimensions of food choice motives were measured using scales developed and validated by Lindeman and Väänänen.

    “Ethical dimensions of food choice motives including ecological welfare, political values and religion were measured using scales developed and validated by Lindeman and Väänänen [47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Lindeman, 2000, Measurement of ethical food choice motives, Appetite source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The overrepresentation of females in the sample can be explained by the topic being of greater interest to females due to females being generally more interested in nutrition.

    “the topic could have been of greater interest to females due to the fact that females are generally more interested in nutrition [52]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Davy, 2006, Sex Differences in Dieting Trends, Eating Habits, and Nutrition Beliefs of a Group of Midwestern College Students, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) has been found to be reliable and internally consistent.

    “The scale has been found to be reliable and internally consistent [18,19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Steptoe, 1995, Development of a measure of the motives underlying the selection of food: The food choice questionnaire, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Pollard, 1998, Motives underlying healthy eating: Using the food choice questionnaire to explain variation in dietary intake, J. Biosoc. Sci. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    University students are not a truly representative sample of the emerging adult population.

    “While university students are not a truly representative sample of the emerging adult population”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Cronbach's alphas were calculated for the twelve FCMs and the attitude scale; if not reported otherwise, the Cronbach's alpha is above 0.7.

    “Cronbach’s alphas were calculated for the twelve FCMs and the attitude scale. If not reported otherwise, the Cronbach’s alpha is above 0.7.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    The overrepresentation of females in the sample can be explained by females having a more positive attitude towards functional foods.

    “and have a more positive attitude towards functional foods [28,29,30,31]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [28] Childs, 1998, Foods that help prevent disease: Consumer attitudes and public policy implications, Br. Food J.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Poulsen, J. (1999). Danish Consumers’ Attitudes towards Functional Foods, MAPP. Working Paper No. 62.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Guzek, 2016, Consumer Behaviors toward Novel Functional and Convenient Meat Products in Poland, J. Sens. Stud. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] Bimbo, 2017, Consumers’ acceptance and preferences for nutrition-modified and functional dairy products: A systematic review, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The finding that young emerging adults gave a higher rating for weight control than older emerging adults contradicts existing literature which has shown that weight control becomes more important with increasing age.

    “This finding contradicts existing literature [18,58], which has shown that weight control becomes more important with increasing age.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Steptoe, 1995, Development of a measure of the motives underlying the selection of food: The food choice questionnaire, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] Glanz, 1998, Why Americans eat what they do: Taste, nutrition, cost, convenience, and weight control concerns as influences on food consumption, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Existing studies used study samples with a wide range of ages, instead of only young adults, which makes comparison difficult.

    “However, these studies used study samples with a wide range of ages, instead of only young adults, which makes comparison difficult.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    People take into account certain motives that govern their food choice.

    “When selecting food products, people take into account certain motives that govern their food choice [18].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Steptoe, 1995, Development of a measure of the motives underlying the selection of food: The food choice questionnaire, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results of the current study suggest that functional foods are not perceived as unnatural, as participants who value natural content were more likely to have a positive attitude towards and were more likely to have a high consumption of functional food.

    “However, the results of the current study suggest that functional foods are not perceived as unnatural, as participants who value natural content were more likely to have a positive attitude towards and were more likely to have a high consumption of functional food.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The two binomial logistic regression models performed in this study showed that demographic characteristics and FCMs are associated with attitudes towards and the consumption of functional foods.

    “The two binomial logistic regression models performed in this study showed that demographic characteristics and FCMs are associated with attitudes towards and the consumption of functional foods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    An increased emphasis on the motives of health, natural content and weight control has been found to associate with healthy eating behaviour.

    “An increased emphasis on the motives of health, natural content and weight control has been found to associate with healthy eating behaviour [19,20,21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [19] Pollard, 1998, Motives underlying healthy eating: Using the food choice questionnaire to explain variation in dietary intake, J. Biosoc. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Pollard, 2002, Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: A review, Nutr. Res. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Appleton, K., Dinnella, C., Spinelli, S., Morizet, D., Saulais, L., Hemingway, A., Monteleone, E., Depezay, L., Perez-Cueto, F., and Hartwell, H. (2017). Consumption of a High Quantity and a Wide Variety of Vegetables Are Predicted by Different Food Choice Motives in Older Adults from France, Italy and the UK. Nutrients, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The motive of convenience has been shown to associate with functional food consumption; the higher the importance of convenience, the heavier the use of functional foods.

    “The motive of convenience has been shown to associate with functional food consumption [22], the higher the importance of convenience, the heavier the use of functional foods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Gorton, 2014, Understanding variations in the consumption of functional foods—Evidence from Croatia, Br. Food J. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Females are also more positive about functional foods.

    “Studies focusing on attitudes suggest that females are also more positive about functional foods [28,29,30,31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [28] Childs, 1998, Foods that help prevent disease: Consumer attitudes and public policy implications, Br. Food J.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Poulsen, J. (1999). Danish Consumers’ Attitudes towards Functional Foods, MAPP. Working Paper No. 62.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Guzek, 2016, Consumer Behaviors toward Novel Functional and Convenient Meat Products in Poland, J. Sens. Stud. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] Bimbo, 2017, Consumers’ acceptance and preferences for nutrition-modified and functional dairy products: A systematic review, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The motive of familiarity has been found to negatively correlate with functional food consumption.

    “Last, the motive of familiarity has been found to negatively correlate with functional food consumption [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Gorton, 2014, Understanding variations in the consumption of functional foods—Evidence from Croatia, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is a relationship between functional food consumption and income, with higher socio-economic groups showing an increased willingness or ability to pay premium prices for functional foods.

    “Further, a number of studies have indicated a relationship between functional food consumption and income [25,26], with higher socio-economic groups showing an increased willingness or ability to pay premium prices for functional foods [35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [25] Anttolainen, 2001, Characteristics of Users and Nonusers of Plant Stanol Ester Margarine in Finland, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Bogue, 2005, Determinants of consumers’ dietary behaviour for health-enhancing foods, Br. Food J. source

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    • cites [35] Hilliam, 2009, Functional Foods: The Western Consumer Viewpoint, Nutr. Rev. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Females are more likely to consume functional foods compared to males.

    “In general, females are more likely to consume functional foods compared to males [25,26,27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [25] Anttolainen, 2001, Characteristics of Users and Nonusers of Plant Stanol Ester Margarine in Finland, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Bogue, 2005, Determinants of consumers’ dietary behaviour for health-enhancing foods, Br. Food J. source

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    • cites [27] Cranfield, 2011, Factors Affecting the Extent to which Consumers Incorporate Functional Ingredients into their Diets, J. Agric. Econ. source

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    Premisecitation

    Parents are more likely to purchase functional food products.

    “with parents more likely to purchase functional food products [33]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Maynard, 2003, Functional Foods as a Value-Added Strategy: The Commercial Potential of “Cancer-Fighting” Dairy Products, Rev. Agric. Econ. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emerging adults are more health conscious than older generations and more willing to pay a premium price for functional foods that reduce disease risk or promote good health.

    “Furthermore, research has shown that emerging adults are more health conscious than older generations and more willing to pay a premium price for functional foods that reduce disease risk or promote good health [39].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] (2017, June 01). We Are What We Eat. Available online: https://www.nielsen.com/ssa/en/insights/report/2015/we-are-what-we-eat/.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The influence of demographic variables on attitudes toward and consumption of functional foods has been reported in several articles.

    “The influence of demographic variables on attitudes toward and consumption of functional foods has been reported in several articles [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [25] Anttolainen, 2001, Characteristics of Users and Nonusers of Plant Stanol Ester Margarine in Finland, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Bogue, 2005, Determinants of consumers’ dietary behaviour for health-enhancing foods, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Cranfield, 2011, Factors Affecting the Extent to which Consumers Incorporate Functional Ingredients into their Diets, J. Agric. Econ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Childs, 1998, Foods that help prevent disease: Consumer attitudes and public policy implications, Br. Food J.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Poulsen, J. (1999). Danish Consumers’ Attitudes towards Functional Foods, MAPP. Working Paper No. 62.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Guzek, 2016, Consumer Behaviors toward Novel Functional and Convenient Meat Products in Poland, J. Sens. Stud. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] Bimbo, 2017, Consumers’ acceptance and preferences for nutrition-modified and functional dairy products: A systematic review, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Verbeke, 2005, Consumer acceptance of functional foods: Socio-demographic, cognitive and attitudinal determinants, Food Qual. Prefer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Maynard, 2003, Functional Foods as a Value-Added Strategy: The Commercial Potential of “Cancer-Fighting” Dairy Products, Rev. Agric. Econ. source

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    • cites [34] Gilbert, 2000, The Functional Food Trend: What’s Next And What Americans Think about Eggs, J. Am. Coll. Nutr. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In this life stage, emerging adults gain control over their own finances and food prices begin to have a stronger influence on food choice.

    “In this life stage, emerging adults gain control over their own finances and food prices begin to have a stronger influence on food choice [55].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., and Deforche, B. (2014). Determinants of eating behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health, 14. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Young adulthood is a time in which many individuals move away from home and become responsible for their own food choices.

    “Young adulthood is a time in which many individuals move away from home and become responsible for their own food choices [55].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., and Deforche, B. (2014). Determinants of eating behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health, 14. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Hong et al. found that body image becomes more positive during young adulthood.

    “Hong et al. [59] found that body image becomes more positive during young adulthood.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Hong, 2015, Prevalence of distorted body image in young Koreans and its association with age, sex, body weight status, and disordered eating behaviours, Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Share and Stewart-Knox found that boys placed greater importance on religion in making food choices than girls.

    “Share and Stewart-Knox [57] found that boys placed greater importance on religion in making food choices than girls”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] Share, 2012, Determinants of food choice in Irish adolescents, Food Qual. Prefer. source

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    Premisecitation

    Young adults experience many new barriers to living a healthy lifestyle such as high stress, poor sleep and challenges in time management, which increases the need for convenience in food choice.

    “Young adults also experience many new barriers to living a healthy lifestyle such as high stress, poor sleep and challenges in time management [43], which increases the need for convenience in food choice [56].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [43] Nelson, 2008, Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: An overlooked age for weight-related behavior change, Obesity source

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    • cites [56] Marquis, 2005, Exploring convenience orientation as a food motivation for college students living in residence halls, Int. J. Consum. Stud. source

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    Premisecitation

    Lindeman and Väänänen did not find any gender differences in religion.

    “but Lindeman and Väänänen [47] did not find any gender differences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Lindeman, 2000, Measurement of ethical food choice motives, Appetite source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Previous research has shown that young adults living in an apartment/house were more involved in food preparation than young people who lived with their parents or at campus housing.

    “Previous research has shown that young adults living in an apartment/house were more involved in food preparation than young people who lived with their parents or at campus housing [61].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Larson, 2006, Food Preparation by Young Adults Is Associated with Better Diet Quality, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A negative body image has shown to increase weight control behaviour in adolescents.

    “Since a negative body image has shown to increase weight control behaviour in adolescents [60]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Paxton, 2006, Does Body Satisfaction Matter? Five-year Longitudinal Associations between Body Satisfaction and Health Behaviors in Adolescent Females and Males, J. Adolesc. Health source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies have related natural content, ecological welfare and weight control to healthy eating behaviour.

    “Previous studies have related these FCMs to healthy eating behaviour [19,20,21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [19] Pollard, 1998, Motives underlying healthy eating: Using the food choice questionnaire to explain variation in dietary intake, J. Biosoc. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Pollard, 2002, Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: A review, Nutr. Res. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Appleton, K., Dinnella, C., Spinelli, S., Morizet, D., Saulais, L., Hemingway, A., Monteleone, E., Depezay, L., Perez-Cueto, F., and Hartwell, H. (2017). Consumption of a High Quantity and a Wide Variety of Vegetables Are Predicted by Different Food Choice Motives in Older Adults from France, Italy and the UK. Nutrients, 9. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies have shown a positive relationship between food involvement and healthy eating patterns.

    “as previous studies have shown a positive relationship between food involvement and healthy eating patterns [62,63].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [62] Laska, 2012, Does involvement in food preparation track from adolescence to young adulthood and is it associated with better dietary quality? Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study, Public Health Nutr. source

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    • cites [63] Marshall, 2004, Relating the food involvement scale to demographic variables, food choice and other constructs, Food Qual. Prefer. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    When it comes to actual purchase for consumption, individuals may recognise that functional foods are not oriented on weight control and do not match with their purchase criteria.

    “When it comes to actual purchase for consumption, individuals may recognise that these products are not oriented on weight control and, hence, do not match with their purchase criteria.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The association between weight control and positive attitude but not consumption may be caused by a misperception about functional foods.

    “This may be caused by a misperception about functional food.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous research shows a relationship between an increased emphasis on weight control and healthy eating patterns.

    “This result is supported by previous research showing a relationship between an increased emphasis on weight control and healthy eating patterns [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Pollard, 2002, Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: A review, Nutr. Res. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Consumers might think that functional foods do help with maintaining body weight.

    “However, since health and weight control are related concepts [18], consumers might think that functional foods do help with maintaining body weight.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Health and weight control are related concepts.

    “However, since health and weight control are related concepts [18], consumers might think that functional foods do help with maintaining body weight.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Steptoe, 1995, Development of a measure of the motives underlying the selection of food: The food choice questionnaire, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous research shows a relationship between health, healthy eating behaviour and functional food consumption.

    “This is in line with previous research, which shows a relationship between health, healthy eating behaviour and functional food consumption [19,20,22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [19] Pollard, 1998, Motives underlying healthy eating: Using the food choice questionnaire to explain variation in dietary intake, J. Biosoc. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Pollard, 2002, Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: A review, Nutr. Res. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Gorton, 2014, Understanding variations in the consumption of functional foods—Evidence from Croatia, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Functional foods are usually not specifically focused on helping individuals to control their weight, but rather on enhancing health or reducing risk of disease through added nutrients.

    “Functional foods are usually not specifically focused on helping individuals to control their weight, but rather on enhancing health or reducing risk of disease through added nutrients [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Jew, 2009, Evolution of the human diet: Linking our ancestral diet to modern functional foods as a means of chronic disease prevention, J. Med. Food source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A general concern that functional foods could be perceived as less natural compared to conventional products has emerged in the literature.

    “A general concern that functional foods could be perceived as less natural compared to conventional products has emerged in the literature [65,66]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [65] Cox, 2004, Predicting intentions to consume functional foods and supplements to offset memory loss using an adaptation of protection motivation theory, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [66] Frewer, 2003, Consumer acceptance of functional foods: Issues for the future, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Brecic et al. found a relationship between convenience and functional food consumption.

    “Brecic et al. [22] found a relationship between convenience and functional food consumption.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Gorton, 2014, Understanding variations in the consumption of functional foods—Evidence from Croatia, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A number of studies suggest the premium price for functional foods is a major barrier to acceptance and buying intention.

    “Similarly, previous research has identified price as an important factor influencing food choice [67,68], with a number of different studies suggesting the premium price for functional foods as a major barrier to acceptance and buying intention [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Childs, 1998, Foods that help prevent disease: Consumer attitudes and public policy implications, Br. Food J.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carrillo et al. found that the motives health and convenience were not related to each other and represent two distinct ways of reasoning, namely 'practical versus beneficial' when choosing food.

    “Carrillo et al. [54] found that the motives health and convenience were not related to each other, and represent two distinct ways of reasoning, namely ‘practical versus beneficial’ when choosing food.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Carrillo, 2011, Main Factors Underlying Consumers’ Food Choice: A First Step For the Understanding of Attitudes toward “Healthy Eating”, J. Sens. Stud. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Existing literature indicates that health is one of the most important food choice motives.

    “Existing literature indicates that health is one of the most important FCMs [18,54].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Steptoe, 1995, Development of a measure of the motives underlying the selection of food: The food choice questionnaire, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [54] Carrillo, 2011, Main Factors Underlying Consumers’ Food Choice: A First Step For the Understanding of Attitudes toward “Healthy Eating”, J. Sens. Stud. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous research has identified price as an important factor influencing food choice.

    “Similarly, previous research has identified price as an important factor influencing food choice [67,68], with a number of different studies suggesting the premium price for functional foods as a major barrier to acceptance and buying intention [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [67] Mojduszka, 2001, Consumer choice of food products and the implications for price competition and government policy consumer choice of food products, Agribusiness source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] Padel, 2005, Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour: Understanding why consumers buy or do not buy organic food, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous research has found that the presence of children increases the concern for diet enhancement in the household.

    “Previous research has found that the presence of children increases the concern for diet enhancement in the household [32,73] and the demand for functional dairy products [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Verbeke, 2005, Consumer acceptance of functional foods: Socio-demographic, cognitive and attitudinal determinants, Food Qual. Prefer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [73] Akbay, 2007, Consumer characteristics influencing fast food consumption in Turkey, Food Control source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    According to Dagevos, the explanatory power of socio-demographic variables on food choice behaviour has been decreasing.

    “According to Dagevos [69] the explanatory power of socio-demographic variables on food choice behaviour has been decreasing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Dagevos, 2005, Consumers as four-faced creatures. Looking at food consumption from the perspective of contemporary consumers, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The higher consumption of functional foods in emerging adults living with parents/grandparents is not because they are more interested in functional foods, but because their parents buy these products for them.

    “This demonstrates that the consumption of functional foods in emerging adults living with their parents/grandparents is not higher because they are more interested in functional foods, but because their parents buy these products for them.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Eastern Europe is one of the newer markets for functional foods.

    “The fact that Brecic et al. [22] did find a negative relationship between familiarity and functional food consumption can be attributed to the fact that the study was executed in Croatia, as Eastern Europe is one of the newer markets for functional foods [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Gorton, 2014, Understanding variations in the consumption of functional foods—Evidence from Croatia, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Functional foods have been a popular food category since the early 1990, meaning they have been around for almost 30 years.

    “Functional foods have been a popular food category since the early 1990, meaning that they have been around for almost 30 years [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Gorton, 2014, Understanding variations in the consumption of functional foods—Evidence from Croatia, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The absence of a relationship between familiarity and functional food consumption may indicate that functional foods are no longer seen as novel by Australian consumers.

    “The absence of a relationship between familiarity and functional food consumption may indicate that functional foods are no longer seen as novel by Australian consumers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Brecic et al. found a negative relationship between familiarity and functional food consumption.

    “The fact that Brecic et al. [22] did find a negative relationship between familiarity and functional food consumption can be attributed to the fact that the study was executed in Croatia, as Eastern Europe is one of the newer markets for functional foods [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Gorton, 2014, Understanding variations in the consumption of functional foods—Evidence from Croatia, Br. Food J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Modern consumers defy traditional segmentation by age, gender or income.

    “Modern consumers defy traditional segmentation by age, gender or income [69].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Dagevos, 2005, Consumers as four-faced creatures. Looking at food consumption from the perspective of contemporary consumers, Appetite source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous research has found that the presence of children increases the demand for functional dairy products.

    “Previous research has found that the presence of children increases the concern for diet enhancement in the household [32,73] and the demand for functional dairy products [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Maynard, 2003, Functional Foods as a Value-Added Strategy: The Commercial Potential of “Cancer-Fighting” Dairy Products, Rev. Agric. Econ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study population overrepresented females and those enrolled in tertiary education.

    “Furthermore, future research should address some of the limitations of this study, such as the overrepresentation of females and those enrolled in tertiary education in the study population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
58 of 58

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Attitude model gives conflicting predictor counts

    Minor

    The listed variables comprise age and nine food choice motives-ten predictors in total-but the results say the model had nine predictors.

1 of 1

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 66 · Cited by 39

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. (2020, August 09). Functional Foods Market Worth $275.7 Billion By 2025|CAGR: 7.9%. Available online: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-functional-foods-market.
  2. 2009, Impact of beliefs and atitudes on young consumers’ wilingness to use functional food, Polish J. Food Nutr. Sci., 59, 183

Authors
Vorage, L., Wiseman, N., Graca, J., & Harris, N.
Affiliations
  • Griffith University (AU)
  • Morlife (Pty) Ltd., Arundel, QLD 4214, Australia
Corresponding author
Vorage, Lieke
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-08-25
Volume
12
Issue
9
Pages
2582
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu12092582
PMC
PMC7551355
OpenAlex
W3081508617
Semantic Scholar
738b4964d84c648e78e1e9b9e6a7bb9344027be6
Cited by
39
References
66
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2
FWCI
4.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Morlife (x)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior and Marketing Influence
Keywords
functional foods, food choice motives, emerging adults, demographic factors, functional food consumption, weight management, health motives, living situation, young adults
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, Choice Behavior, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Male, Motivation, Logistic Models, Young Adult, Functional Food

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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