Cited by 146Metabolism, Diabetes, and CancerMuscle metabolism and nutritionAdipose Tissue and Metabolism

Energy sensing by the AMP-activated protein kinase and its effects on muscle metabolism

Open access
Hardie, D. Grahame·2011·Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Abstract

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status, and a regulator of energy balance at both the cellular and whole body levels. Although ubiquitously expressed, its function is best understood in skeletal muscle. AMPK contains sites that reversibly bind AMP or ATP, with an increase in cellular AMP:ATP ratio (signalling a fall in cellular energy status) switching on the kinase. In muscle, AMPK activation is therefore triggered by sustained contraction, and appears to be particularly important in the metabolic changes that occur in the transition from resistance to endurance exercise. Once activated, AMPK switches on catabolic processes that generate ATP, while switching off energy-requiring processes not essential in the short term. Thus, it acutely activates glucose uptake (by promoting translocation of the transporter GLUT4 to the membrane) and fatty acid oxidation, while switching off glycogen synthesis and protein synthesis (the later via inactivation of the mammalian target-of-rapamycin pathway). Prolonged AMPK activation also causes some of the chronic adaptations to endurance exercise, such as increased GLUT4 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. AMPK contains a glycogen-binding domain that causes a sub-fraction to bind to the surface of the glycogen particle, and it can inhibit glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating glycogen synthase. We have shown that AMPK is inhibited by exposed non-reducing ends in glycogen. We are working on the hypothesis that this ensures that glycogen synthesis is rapidly activated when glycogen becomes depleted after exercise, but is switched off again as soon as glycogen stores are replenished.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0029665110003915

Cites

73 of 73 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • AMPK is a key mediator of the adaptation to endurance exercise, particularly in skeletal muscle.

    “Therefore, it comes as no surprise that AMPK is a key mediator of the adaptation to endurance exercise, particularly in skeletal muscle (54).”
  • Prolonged AMPK activation can lead to a chronic adaptation to endurance exercise, like mitochondrial biogenesis and increased GLUT4 expression.

    “Prolonged AMPK activation can lead to a chronic adaptation to endurance exercise, like mitochondrial biogenesis and increased GLUT4 expression [60].”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hardie, D. G.
Affiliations
University of Dundee (GB)
Corresponding author
Hardie, D. Grahame
Venue
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Published
2010-11-11
Volume
70
Issue
1
Pages
92-99
ISSN
  • 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
  • 1475-2719
OpenAlex
W2165667722
Cited by
146
References
73
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
FWCI
1.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Pfizer
  • AstraZeneca
  • University of Dundee
  • Merck KGaA
  • Wellcome Trust (080982, 081195)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Keywords
AMPK, energy sensing, skeletal muscle metabolism, endurance exercise, resistance training, GLUT4 translocation, glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation, glycogen synthesis, glycogen synthase phosphorylation, mTOR signaling, mitochondrial biogenesis, AMP/ATP ratio, exercise adaptation
MeSH terms
Adenosine Monophosphate, Adenosine Triphosphate, Energy Metabolism, Glucose, Glycogen, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Muscle Proteins, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Lipid Metabolism, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review