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Very long-chain n -3 fatty acids and human health: fact, fiction and the future

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Calder, P. C.·2018·Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

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Abstract

EPA and DHA appear to be the most important n -3 fatty acids, but roles for n -3 docosapentaenoic acid are now also emerging. Intakes of EPA and DHA are usually low, typically below those recommended. Increased intakes result in higher concentrations of EPA and DHA in blood lipids, cells and tissues. Increased content of EPA and DHA modifies the structure of cell membranes and the function of membrane proteins. EPA and DHA modulate the production of lipid mediators and through effects on cell signalling can alter the patterns of gene expression. Through these mechanisms, EPA and DHA alter cell and tissue responsiveness in a way that often results in more optimal conditions for growth, development and maintenance of health. DHA has vital roles in brain and eye development and function. EPA and DHA have a wide range of physiological roles, which are linked to certain health or clinical benefits, particularly related to CVD, cancer, inflammation and neurocognitive function. The benefits of EPA and DHA are evident throughout the life course. Future research will include better identification of the determinants of variation of responses to increased intake of EPA and DHA; more in-depth dose–response studies of the effects of EPA and DHA; clearer identification of the specific roles of EPA, docosapentaenoic acid and DHA; testing strategies to enhance delivery of n -3 fatty acids to the bloodstream; and exploration of sustainable alternatives to fish-derived very long-chain n -3 fatty acids.

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Authors: Calder, P. C.
Affiliations: Southampton General Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Calder, P. C.
ORCID: Calder, P. C.
Venue: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2017-10-17
Volume: 77
Issue: 1
Pages: 52-72
ISSN: 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
1475-2719
DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117003950
OpenAlex: W2766185642
Cited by: 419
References: 273
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 14
FWCI: 22.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
Keywords: eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, dietary intake, blood lipid concentration, cell membrane structure, lipid mediators, gene expression, brain development, eye development, cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammation, neurocognitive function, dose-response relationship, sustainable alternatives
MeSH terms: Cell Membrane, Dietary Fats, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Eating, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Humans, Membrane Proteins, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Gene Expression, Lipid Metabolism

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Very long-chain n -3 fatty acids and human health: fact, fiction and the future

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