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A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
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“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models 21,22 posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“These results support biopsychosocial models 21,22,37 that emphasize the importance of environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis and need for care.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“it is likely that persistent PEs only become problematic in the context of pre-existent vulnerabilities, as suggested by contemporary aetiological models of psychosis 21,22,37”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“According to the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001) and the Bio‐Psychosocial Model of Transition to Psychosis (Georgiades et al. 2023), avoidance and social withdrawal, as well as psychosocial stress and interpersonal sensitivity, contribute to the onset and maintenance of psychosis symptoms.”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Garety et al. 2001
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“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is invoked as an explanatory mechanism in models of delusions.4”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“When people with schizophrenia (who have or are prone to delusions) make decisions in an uncertain setting, they tend to draw on less information in reaching that decision than does a person without schizophrenia.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“They might also ignore pieces of evidence that contradict that decision.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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The relationship between schizotypal personality and internet addiction in university students
Truzoli, R., Osborne, L. A., Romano, M., & Reed, P. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.010 · Cited by 33
Mason, L., PETERS, E. R., Williams, S., & Kumari, V. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.263 · Cited by 33
Geraets, C. N. W., Snippe, E., van Beilen, M., Pot-Kolder, R., Wichers, M., van der Gaag, M., & Veling, W. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.047 · Cited by 33
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Phraxayavong, K., & Dumais, A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103169 · Cited by 33
Palmier‐Claus, J. E., Dunn, G., Taylor, H. E., Morrison, A. P., & Lewis, S. W. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02043.x · Cited by 33
Bendall, S., Jackson, H. J., & Hulbert, C. A. (2010) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060903443219 · Cited by 33
Emotional Abuse and Psychosis: A Recent Review of the Literature
Ackner, S., Skeate, A., Patterson, P. H., & Neal, A. (2013) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2013.837132 · Cited by 33
“These experiences are then appraised to be external to the individual, leading to psychosis (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSocial isolation and psychosis-like experiences: a UK general population analysis
Butter, S., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M. E., & Houston, J. E. (2017) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2017.1349829 · Cited by 38
“This creates a vicious cycle, whereby a person with persecutory delusions is mistrusting and suspicious of others and therefore interacts in ways which are deemed unusual, fostering further isolation and potentially confirming their delusions (Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSchizophrenia and Psychosocial Stresses
Bebbington, P., & Kuipers, E. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470987353.ch31 · Cited by 33
Self-citationOvergeneral autobiographical memory bias in clinical and non-clinical voice hearers
Jacobsen, P. C., PETERS, E. R., Ward, T., Garety, P. A., Jackson, M. C., & Chadwick, P. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000570 · Cited by 32
“What determines whether hearing voices is distressing and disabling for the individual experiencing them? Cognitive models of psychosis highlight the importance of appraisals in determining emotional and behavioural consequences to voices (Garety et al. 2001).”
InfluentialSelf-citationPrevalence of loneliness and its correlates among patients with schizophrenia
Suman, A., Nehra, R., Sahoo, S., & Grover, S. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221141646 · Cited by 38
“According to one of the cognitive models of psychosis, poor self-concept and self-esteem influence the maladaptive cognitions about self and others (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundCognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis: The end of the line or time for a new approach?
Newman‐Taylor, K., & Bentall, R. P. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12498 · Cited by 38
“Taking a psychological approach, CBTp (Chadwick et al., 1996; Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001) sought to conceptualise hallucinations and delusions within a cognitive framework, assuming that it is the meaning we attribute to experiences rather than the experiences themselves (whether…”
Psychological characteristics of religious delusions
Iyassu, R., Jolley, S., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Emsley, R., Freeman, D. H., Fowler, D. G., Hardy, A., Waller, H., Kuipers, E., et al. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0811-y · Cited by 32
“Cognitive models of psychosis [22, 23] identify specific psychological maintaining factors for delusions.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarwaha, S., Thompson, A. D., Bebbington, P., Singh, S. P., Freeman, D. H., Winsper, C., & Broome, M. R. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.075 · Cited by 33
“Anxiety and depression have also been highlighted as significant factors in cognitive models of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLaithwaite, H., Gumley, A. I., Benn, A., Scott, E. M., Downey, K., Black, K., & McEwen, S. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580700392x · Cited by 32
Masillo, A., Valmaggia, L., Saba, R., Brandizzi, M., Cascio, N. L., Telesforo, L., Venturini, P., Izzo, A., Mattioli, M. T., D’Alema, M., et al. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12447 · Cited by 32
“In line with cognitive models, negative beliefs about the self as fragile and vulnerable to threat may lead to a tendency to attribute experiences as externally caused and, in turn, facilitate the formation and maintenance of paranoid ideation (Freeman & Garety, 2014; Garety et al., 2001); other studies also showed th…”
BackgroundReininghaus, U., Oorschot, M., Moritz, S., Gayer-Anderson, C. E., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., McGuire, P. K., Murray, R. M., Garety, P. A., Wykes, T., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby116 · Cited by 34
Self-citationDimensions of Hallucinations and Delusions in Affective and Nonaffective Illnesses
Kumari, R., Chaudhury, S., & Kumar, S. (2013) · ISRN Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2013/616304 · Cited by 34
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BackgroundInfluentialGoldstone, E., Farhall, J., & Ong, B. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0446-9 · Cited by 33
“Maladaptive cognitive appraisals are central to theoretical models of hallucination formation [5, 39]; however, the nature of what represents unhelpful psychological responses to perceptual anomalies remains unclear.”
BackgroundValiente, C., Romero, N., Hervás, G., & Espinosa, R. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.014 · Cited by 32
“Recent models of psychosis have drawn attention to the significance of early interpersonal experiences and trauma in the development and maintenance of psychotic symptoms (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundCognitive‐Behavioural Interventions
Jolley, S., & Garety, P. A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470978672.ch7 · Cited by 32
Self-citationIs There a Core Process Across Depression and Anxiety?
Bird, T., Mansell, W., Dickens, C., & Tai, S. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9475-2 · Cited by 31
Morales‐Muñoz, I., Palmer, E. R., Marwaha, S., Mallikarjun, P. K., & Upthegrove, R. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.003 · Cited by 31
Flinn, A., Hefferman-Clarke, R., Parker, S., Allsopp, K., Zhou, L., Begemann, M., Bentall, R. P., & Varese, F. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725001138 · Cited by 36
Attributional biases, paranoia, and depression in early psychosis
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Core Schemas across the Continuum of Psychosis: A Comparison of Clinical and Non-Clinical Groups
Taylor, H. E., Stewart, S., Dunn, G., Parker, S., Fowler, D. G., & Morrison, A. P. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000593 · Cited by 31
“Research suggests that core schemas are important in (1) the development and the maintenance of psychosis and (2) the distress associated with it (Beck and Rector, 2003; Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationActing on delusions: the role of negative affect in the pathway towards serious violence
Ullrich, S., Keers, R., Shaw, J. J., Doyle, M., & Coid, J. W. (2018) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2018.1434227 · Cited by 34
Further psychometric exploration of the transliminality construct.
Evans, J. V., Lange, R., Houran, J., & Lynn, S. J. (2018) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000163 · Cited by 36
Pignon, B., Lajnef, M., Kirkbride, J. B., Peyre, H., Ferchiou, A., Richard, J., Baudin, G., Tosato, S., Jongsma, H. E., de Haan, L., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab060 · Cited by 35
‘Jumping to Conclusions’ and Attributional Style in Persecutory Delusions
Merrin, J., Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R. P. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9097-7 · Cited by 31
Amone-P'Olak, K., Ovuga, E., Croudace, T., Jones, P., & Abbott, R. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0873-5 · Cited by 31
Psychotic-Like Experiences and Their Cognitive Appraisal Under Short-Term Sensory Deprivation
Daniel, C., Lovatt, A., & Mason, O. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00106 · Cited by 39
“(23) also suggested that some people who have anomalous experiences may reject external attributions and so be protected in some way from developing full-blown psychotic symptoms such as delusions.”
BackgroundRedefining Delusion Based on Studies of Subjective Paranormal Ideation
Houran, J., & Lange, R. (2004) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.94.2.501-513 · Cited by 31
Quality of life and illness beliefs in individuals with early psychosis
Theodore, K., Johnson, S., Chalmers-Brown, A., Doherty, R., Harrop, C. E., & Ellett, L. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0360-1 · Cited by 31
“depression and anxiety), adding to the literature on the importance of affective processes in psychosis [14] and the use of psychological interventions”
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Bortolon, C., Seillé, J., & Raffard, S. (2017) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2017.1387524 · Cited by 36
“tive psychotic symptoms expression (Garety et al., 2001), whereas dissociative symptoms seem to mediate the association between childhood trauma and hallucination-proneness (Perona-Garcelán et al.”
BackgroundResultEpisodic Memory Bias and the Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Lepage, M., Sergerie, K., Pelletier, M., & Harvey, P. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705201104 · Cited by 31
“This model has been extended to patients suffering from delusions, to the extent that many of the delusions they experience (such as thought withdrawal or somatic delusions) are internally generated (for example, subjective feeling of losing pace with thoughts or somatic feelings) but externally attributed to an agent…”
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Cao, H., Lencz, T., Gallego, J. A., Rubio, J. M., John, M., Barber, A. D., Birnbaum, M. L., Robinson, D. G., & Malhotra, A. K. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20220719 · Cited by 30
Can we recreate delusions in the laboratory?
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Taylor, C. D. J., Bee, P., KELLY, J. A., Emsley, R., & Haddock, G. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000168 · Cited by 30
“Negative schematic beliefs play a key role in psychological models of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundProcess of adaptation to Spanish of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE).
Ros‐Morente, A., Vilagrà-Ruiz, R., Rodríguez-Hansen, G., Wigman, J. T. W., & Neus Barrantes-vidal, A. (2011) · Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría · Cited by 30
Mitchell, L. J., Gumley, A. I., Reilly, E. S., MacBeth, A. M., Lysaker, P. H., Carcione, A., & Dimaggio, G. (2011) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.630098 · Cited by 30
“For example, other common features of psychosis such as emotion recognition problems (Addington, Saeedi, & Addington, 2006 ) and a “jumping to conclusions” reasoning bias (Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ) could have been important mechanisms to consider.”
BackgroundWilliams, K., & Steer, H. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000627 · Cited by 30
Jumping to perceptions and to conclusions: Specificity to hallucinations and delusions
Bristow, E., Tabraham, P., Smedley, N., Ward, T., & PETERS, E. R. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.02.004 · Cited by 30
“Cognitive models of psychosis describe a dynamic, multi-factorial pathway from anomalous experiences to positive symptoms involving social factors, pre-existing beliefs, maladaptive appraisals and affective and cognitive disturbances (Bentall et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001; Bentall et al., 2007; Gar…”
BackgroundElucidating the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas for psychotic symptomatology
Sundag, J., Ascone, L., Marques, A. D. M., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.008 · Cited by 32
Tully, S., Adrian Wells, A., & Morrison, A. P. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2099 · Cited by 31
van Zelst, C. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn113 · Cited by 30
Palmier‐Claus, J. E., Dunn, G., Morrison, A. P., & Lewis, S. W. (2011) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2011.561583 · Cited by 33
Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With People With Psychosis: A Case Study
Bloy, S., Oliver, J. E., & Morris, E. (2011) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650111420863 · Cited by 32
The Bidirectional Relations between Affect and Belief
Boden, M. T., & Berenbaum, H. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019898 · Cited by 30
“For example, a current model of the positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001) proposes that delusions develop as follows: (a) A triggering event (the model does not specify the nature of the triggering event) in a person vulnerable to experiencing delusions leads to a disruption of…”
BackgroundLaloyaux, J., Dessart, G., der Linden, M. V., Lemaire, M., & Larøi, F. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1137213 · Cited by 29
“ALE) play a central role in the context of a preexisting vulnerability (e.g. Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001; Waters et al., 2012).”
BackgroundFekih‐Romdhane, F., Tira, S., & Cheour, M. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.034 · Cited by 29
Hermans, K. S. F. M., van der Steen, Y., Kasanova, Z., van Winkel, R., Reininghaus, U., Lataster, T., Bechdolf, A., Drees, J., Wagner, M., & Myin‐Germeys, I. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113039 · Cited by 30
Do Positive Schizotypal Symptoms Predict False Perceptual Experiences in Nonclinical Populations?
Tsakanikos, E., & Reed, P. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000188974.44468.92 · Cited by 29
“Some researchers have suggested that cognitive biases are a main contributing factor to the maintenance, and possibly to the generation, of positive symptoms (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundBias against disconfirmatory evidence in the ‘at-risk mental state’ and during psychosis
Eisenacher, S., Rausch, F., Mier, D. U., Fenske, S. C., Veckenstedt, R., Englisch, S., Becker, A., Andreou, C., Moritz, S., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.028 · Cited by 29
Childhood abuse and psychotic experiences – evidence for mediation by adulthood adverse life events
Bhavsar, V., Boydell, J. E., McGuire, P. K., Harris, V., Hotopf, M. H., Hatch, S. L., MacCabe, J. H., & Morgan, C. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796017000518 · Cited by 33
“…dopamine system (Howes & Kapur, 2009), regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Borges et al. 2013), the developmental of maladaptive cognitive schema (Garety et al. 2001, 2007), and changes to affective and cognitive processing (Fisher et al. 2011, 2013b; Rottenberg et al. 2014).”
BackgroundPersistent Auditory Hallucinations
González, J. C., Aguilar, E. J., Berenguer, V., Leal, C., & Sanjuán, J. (2006) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000091796 · Cited by 29
“Despite these investigations, there is no established agreement regarding the most relevant dimensions for clinical practice. From the perspective of cognitive therapy, the intensity of emotional effects appear to be a nuclear aspect [”
BackgroundNewton‐Howes, G., & Wood, R. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02048.x · Cited by 34
Morrison, A. P., Shryane, N. M., Fowler, D. G., Birchwood, M. J., Gumley, A. I., Taylor, H. E., French, P., Stewart, S., Jones, P. B., Lewis, S. W., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000689 · Cited by 29
“Second, existing theories of paranoia converge on predicting that the following variables will be associated with paranoid ideation: anxiety (Garety et al. 2001; Morrison, 2001; Freeman et al. 2002; Morrison et al. 2011), depression (Bentall et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAuthorship and Control over Thoughts
Vosgerau, G., & Voss, M. (2014) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12065 · Cited by 31
Voluntary control of auditory hallucinations: phenomenology to therapeutic implications
Swyer, A., & Powers, A. R. (2020) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-020-0106-8 · Cited by 31
Voice phenomenology as a mirror of the past
van den Berg, D., Tolmeijer, E., Jongeneel, A., Staring, A. B. P., Palstra, E., van der Gaag, M., & Hardy, A. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004955 · Cited by 35
“…some support for trauma-informed cognitive behavioural models in the treatment of hallucinations (Freeman, Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, & Bebbington, 2002; Garety et al., 2001; Hardy, 2017; Morrison, 2001; Morrison et al., 2003; Waters, Badcock, Michie, & Maybery, 2006) that postulate that…”
Influentialvan Oosterhout, B., Krabbendam, L., Smeets, G., & van der Gaag, M. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12011 · Cited by 28
“These findings support the current trend in CBT for psychosis, in which particular emphasis is placed on metacognition and cognitive biases in addition to the traditional focus on content of thought (Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001; Van der Gaag, 2006).”
BackgroundGarwood, L., Dodgson, G., Bruce, V., & McCarthy‐Jones, S. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000714 · Cited by 31
Lecomte, T., Leclerc, C., & Wykes, T. (2017) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12139 · Cited by 28
Scott, M., Rossell, S. L., Meyer, D., Toh, W. L., & Thomas, N. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112997 · Cited by 28
Clinical correlates of olfactory hallucinations in schizophrenia
Langdon, R. A., McGuire, J., Stevenson, R. J., & Catts, S. V. (2010) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466510x500837 · Cited by 28
Voices to reckon with: perceptions of voice identity in clinical and non-clinical voice hearers
Badcock, J. C., & Chhabra, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00114 · Cited by 39
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia and Psychosis: Current Status and Future Directions
Tarrier, N. (2010) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.4.3.4 · Cited by 28
Exploring the Associations between Social Rank and External Shame with Experiences of Psychosis
Wood, L., & Irons, C. (2015) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465815000570 · Cited by 36
Haug, E., Øie, M. G., Andreassen, O. A., Bratlien, U., Romm, K. L., Møller, P., & Melle, I. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00557 · Cited by 27
The relationship between jumping to conclusions and neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia
Krężołek, M., Pionke‐Ubych, R., Banaszak, B., Kokoszka, A., & Gawęda, Ł. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.035 · Cited by 35
Neural mechanisms of psychosis vulnerability and perceptual abnormalities in the ALS‐FTD spectrum
Devenney, E., Tu, S.-C., Caga, J., Ahmed, R., Ramsey, E., Zoing, M. C., Kwok, J. B. J., Halliday, G., Piguet, O., Hodges, J., et al. (2021) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51363 · Cited by 27
“It is generally accepted that cognitive deficits may contribute to the risk of psychosis particularly in terms of misinterpretation of anomalous experiences through attention and executive deficits.(56,57) Our finding that psychosis-like experiences were associated with poorer scores on a test of global cognition lend…”
Uchida, T., Matsumoto, K., Ito, F., Ohmuro, N., Miyakoshi, T., Ueno, T., & Matsuoka, H. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.003 · Cited by 27
“According to the cognitive model of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001), individuals with psychosis are impaired in considering alternative explanations for anomalous experiences.”
Ohmuro, N., Katsura, M., Obara, C., Kikuchi, T., Hamaie, Y., Sakuma, A., Iizuka, K., Ito, F., Matsuoka, H., & Matsumoto, K. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.031 · Cited by 27
Cognitive-behavioural therapy for schizophrenia: Filling the therapeutic vacuum
Turkington, D., Kingdon, D., & Chadwick, P. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.183.2.98 · Cited by 27
Friends interventions in psychosis: a narrative review and call to action
Harrop, C. E., Ellett, L., Brand, R. M., & Lobban, F. A. (2014) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12172 · Cited by 28
Cognitive Bias Modification for paranoia (CBM-pa): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Yiend, J., Trotta, A., Meek, C., Dzafic, I., Baldus, N., Crane, B., Kabir, T., Stahl, D. R., Heslin, M., Shergill, S. S., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2037-x · Cited by 26
Smith, E. L., Garety, P. A., Harding, H., & Hardy, A. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12265 · Cited by 27
Self-citationFranzoi, I. G., Granieri, A., Sauta, M. D., Agnesone, M., Gonella, M., Cavallo, R., Lochner, P., Bragazzi, N. L., & Naldi, A. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9060635 · Cited by 26
Hallucinatory Experiences in Non-clinical Populations
Hill, K., & Linden, D. E. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4121-2_2 · Cited by 26
“…models of psychotic symptoms may be of use here as they posit that unusual and unshared experiences are not inherently pathological but may develop into psychotic experiences with an associated need for care for some people (Chadwick and Birchwood 1994 ; Garety et al. 2001 ; Morrison 2001 ) .”
BackgroundUnemployment, ethnicity and psychosis
Boydell, J. E., Bebbington, P., Bhavsar, V., Kravariti, E., van Os, J., Murray, R. M., & Dutta, R. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01921.x · Cited by 34
“have profound psychological consequences (5, 6), is readily understood within stress vulnerability model (7), recent cognitive and affective models of psychosis (8, 9) and is congruent with the social defeat hypothesis (10) and the very recent evidence that stress reactivity is important (11–14).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMotive-oriented therapeutic relationship building for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia
Westermann, S., Cavelti, M., Heibach, E., & Caspar, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01294 · Cited by 26
“The cognitive model of positive symptoms of schizophrenia by Garety et al. (2001) as well as themore symptom-specific cognitive model of persecutory delusions by Freeman et al. (2002) or the cognitive model of auditory hallucinations (Mawson et al., 2010) propose that anomalous experiences or…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSerbian adolescents’ Romaphobia and their acculturation orientations towards the Roma minority
Ljujic, V., Vedder, P. H., Dekker, H., & van Geel, M. (2010) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.11.015 · Cited by 26
Fornells‐Ambrojo, M., Freeman, D. H., Slater, M., Swapp, D., Antley, A., & Barker, C. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000830 · Cited by 28
Self-citationCBT for psychosis in a psychoanalytic frame
Garrett, M., & Turkington, D. (2011) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2010.544403 · Cited by 26
“In Garety’s CBTp model of psychosis (Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman & Bebbington, 2001 ), a triggering event in a person biologically, psychologically, or socially predisposed to psychosis leads to stress, altered physiology, distorted cognitive processes, and anomalous subjective experiences.”
BackgroundHow psychotic-like are paranormal beliefs?
Cella, M., Vellante, M., & Preti, A. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.01.003 · Cited by 25
Early maladaptive schema, social functioning and distress in psychosis: A preliminary investigation
Taylor, C. D. J., & Harper, S. F. (2015) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12082 · Cited by 26
Kraan, T. C., Ising, H. K., Fokkema, M., Velthorst, E., van den Berg, D. P. G., Kerkhoven, M., Veling, W., Smit, F., LINSZEN, D. H., Nieman, D. H., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.014 · Cited by 26
“The association between physical abuse and depression may be mediated by negative self-schemas and hopelessness [34].”
Cooper, S., Klugman, J., Heimberg, R. G., Anglin, D. M., & Ellman, L. M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.027 · Cited by 27
A cognitive behavioural perspective on the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis
Morrison, A. P. (2009) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000245 · Cited by 25
“…and ‘Other people are dangerous’) have been shown to be associated with the development of psychotic experiences (Bentall et al. , 2001; Garety et al. , 2001; Morrison, 2001); a recent study has also shown that such beliefs specifically formed as a result of trauma are relat-ed to…”
Gawęda, Ł., Kowalski, J., Aleksandrowicz, A., Bagrowska, P., Dąbkowska, M., & Pionke‐Ubych, R. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102391 · Cited by 32
Quijada, Y., Kwapil, T., Tizón, J., Sheinbaum, T., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.013 · Cited by 25
Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Early Psychosis
Chung, Y., Yoon, K.-S., Park, T.-W., Yang, J.-C., & Oh, K.-Y. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9460-9 · Cited by 27
Threatening Life Events and Difficulties and Psychotic Disorder
Beards, S., Fisher, H. L., Gayer-Anderson, C. E., Hubbard, K., Reininghaus, U., Craig, T., Forti, M. D., Mondelli, V., Pariante, C. M., Dazzan, P., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa005 · Cited by 25
Exploring gaslighting effects via the VAPUS model for ghost narratives
Drinkwater, K. G., Dagnall, N., Laythe, B. R., Houran, J., O’Keeffe, C., & Hill, S. A. (2019) · Bucks New University Repository (Bucks New University) · Cited by 25
Trauma and Social Pathways to Psychosis, and Where the Two Paths Meet
Heriot-Maitland, C., Wykes, T., & PETERS, E. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.804971 · Cited by 29
“(14) state that “it seems likely that social marginalization, difficult or traumatic experiences or unsupportive family environments contribute to the development of negative schemas” (p.”
BackgroundBortolon, C., & Raffard, S. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.10.011 · Cited by 29
“Freeman and Garety, in particular, have suggested that some processes presented in anxiety and depression disorder, such as worry thinking style and negative beliefs about the self, might contribute to the presence of PLE [43,44].”
BackgroundCottam, S., Paul, S. N., Doughty, O., Carpenter, L., Al-Mousawi, A., Karvounis, S., & Done, D. J. (2011) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2010.548543 · Cited by 25
“Brett et al. (2007) evaluated whether each of these elements of the Garety et al. (2001) model distinguished between patients and nonpatients, all of whom reported Schneiderian first-rank symptoms.”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-195
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2162176680
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- psychosis, positive symptoms, cognitive models, cognitive processes, symptom maintenance, social factors, neurobiological factors, levels of explanation, phenomenology
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychotic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Environment
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