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A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
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“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models 21,22 posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“These results support biopsychosocial models 21,22,37 that emphasize the importance of environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis and need for care.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“it is likely that persistent PEs only become problematic in the context of pre-existent vulnerabilities, as suggested by contemporary aetiological models of psychosis 21,22,37”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“According to the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001) and the Bio‐Psychosocial Model of Transition to Psychosis (Georgiades et al. 2023), avoidance and social withdrawal, as well as psychosocial stress and interpersonal sensitivity, contribute to the onset and maintenance of psychosis symptoms.”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Garety et al. 2001
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“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is invoked as an explanatory mechanism in models of delusions.4”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“When people with schizophrenia (who have or are prone to delusions) make decisions in an uncertain setting, they tend to draw on less information in reaching that decision than does a person without schizophrenia.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“They might also ignore pieces of evidence that contradict that decision.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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Broyd, A., Ettinger, U., & Thoma, V. (2019) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s193029750000293x · Cited by 18
Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress, and Psychosis
Hardy, A., van de Giessen, I., & van den Berg, D. P. G. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815012-2.00010-9 · Cited by 18
An emotional regulation approach to psychosis recovery: The Living Through Psychosis group programme
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Radhakrishnan, R., Pries, L.-K., Erzın, G., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Günther, N., Bak, M., Rutten, B. P. F., van Os, J., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002756 · Cited by 17
“…is also supported by experimental and observational studies (Bird, Waite, Rowsell, Fergusson, & Freeman, 2017; Freeman et al., 2013a, 2013b; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001; Hanssen, Bak, Bijl, Vollebergh, & van Os, 2005) where anxiety, depressive symptoms and worry is…”
Childhood Adversity and Emerging Psychotic Experiences: A Network Perspective
Qiao, Z., Lafit, G., Lecei, A., Achterhof, R., Kirtley, O. J., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Boets, B., Reininghaus, U., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad079 · Cited by 22
A prefrontal thalamocortical readout for conflict-related executive dysfunction in schizophrenia
Huang, A., Wimmer, R. D., Lam, N. H., Wang, B., Suresh, S., Roeske, M. J., Pleger, B., Halassa, M. M., & Woodward, N. D. (2024) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101802 · Cited by 18
“69 Most existing paradigms examining uncertainty processing in schizophrenia lack a mechanistic circuit link, making correlational analysis from imaging studies more difficult to interpret.”
Delusions and Hallucinations with Religious Content
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“This finding provides additional evidence in a nonclinical sample supporting the recent models of psychosis emphasizing the interplay between cognitive and emotional distortions in symptoms development (24, 25).”
BackgroundResultThe Pandemic Paranoia Scale (PPS): factor structure and measurement invariance across languages
Kingston, J. L., Schlier, B., Ellett, L., So, S. H., Gaudiano, B. A., Morris, E. M. J., & Lincoln, T. M. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004633 · Cited by 17
“…and cognitive mechanisms (e.g. self-representations, social cognition and mentalisation) in understanding the development of paranoid thinking (e.g. Freeman, Bentall, & Garety, 2008; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001; Preti & Cella, 2010; van Os, Kenis, & Rutten, 2010).”
Psychobiology of threat appraisal in the context of psychotic experiences: A selective review
Underwood, R., PETERS, E. R., & Kumari, V. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.07.001 · Cited by 18
“Cognitive models state that a key factor in the transition to psychotic symptoms is the negative interpretation or ‘appraisal’ of anomalous perceptual experiences [26,25,55,3,4].”
Rossiter, R., & Holmes, S. (2013) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x13000135 · Cited by 18
Delusions of reference: A new theoretical model
Startup, M., Bucci, S., & Langdon, R. A. (2009) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800902864229 · Cited by 21
“In common with other two- (or more) factor theories (Coltheart, Langdon, & McKay, 2007 ; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ; Langdon & Coltheart, 2000 ), we attribute a crucial role to anomalous experiences stemming from basic cognitive impairment(s).”
Attachment styles and clinical correlates in people at ultra high risk for psychosis
Russo, D. A., Štochl, J., Hodgekins, J., Iglesias-González, M., Chipps, P., Painter, M., Jones, P. B., & Pérez, J. (2017) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12249 · Cited by 18
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The future of psychological therapies for psychosis.
Garety, P. A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 18
Self-citationFielding-Smith, S. F., Hayward, M., Strauss, C., Fowler, D., Paulik, G., & Thomas, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01129 · Cited by 17
“…6 | Article 11293 Whilst anomalous self-experiences are acknowledged to be an important pre-disposing factor in cognitive models of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001; Paulik, 2012), little attempt has been made to fully integrate these higher and lower-level conceptualisations of self in…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationContent Matters, a Qualitative Analysis of Verbal Hallucinations
Moernaut, N., Vanheule, S., & Feyaerts, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01958 · Cited by 17
Mishra, B., & Pradhan, J. (2023) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5946 · Cited by 18
Gevonden, M. J., Myin‐Germeys, I., van den Brink, W., van Os, J., Selten, J., & Booij, J. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002797 · Cited by 17
“In turn, these cognitive biases could play an important role in the formation and exacerbation of psychotic symptoms (Garety et al. 2001, 2007), measured in this study as psychotic experiences in response to unpleasant company.”
BackgroundChung, Y., Kim, H. M., Lee, K., Zhao, T., Huang, G., Park, T., & Yang, J.-C. (2012) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00378.x · Cited by 18
“Studies have shown that negative evaluations about self and others or negative self-concepts may be associated with the formation of positive symptoms.(58,59) However, no significant correlation was found between the positive-self schema and clinical symptoms in the present study (data not shown).”
BackgroundCognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Steel, C. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004785 · Cited by 18
“Garety et al. (2001) refer to the potential role of a genetic vulnerability to having some of these experiences.”
BackgroundBortolon, C., Lopes, B., Capdevielle, D., Macioce, V., & Raffard, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.065 · Cited by 25
Tang, W., Xu, D., Yang, Y., & Xu, J. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12976 · Cited by 18
Associations between childhood adversity, cognitive schemas and attenuated psychotic symptoms
LoPilato, A. M., Zhang, Y., Pike, M. R., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., Mathalon, D. H., McGlashan, T. H., et al. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13017 · Cited by 19
“The specific associations between negative-other schemas and delusional thinking and suspiciousness are consistent with cognitive models of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001).”
ResultThe Rationality of Psychosis and Understanding the Deluded
Broome, M. R. (2004) · Philosophy, psychiatry & psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2004.0035 · Cited by 17
“Garety et al. (2001) posit several other factors, which may determine whether the anomalous experiences are appraised as external, or not.”
BackgroundHow people with psychosis positively contribute to their family: a grounded theory analysis
Coldwell, J., Meddings, S., & Camic, P. M. (2010) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00513.x · Cited by 17
Pyle, M., Norrie, J. D., Schwannauer, M., Kingdon, D., Gumley, A. I., Turkington, D., Byrne, R. E., Syrett, S., MacLennan, G., Dudley, R. E. J., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0983-6 · Cited by 17
“There have been several cognitive models of psychosis and psychotic experiences outlined [9–15], which suggest that it is how people interpret psychotic phenomena that accounts”
BackgroundIndividuals with Borderline Personality Disorder manifest cognitive biases implicated in psychosis
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Perceptual biases and positive schizotypy: The role of perceptual load
Tsakanikos, E. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.004 · Cited by 17
“It has been suggested (Garety et al., 2001) that schizophrenic patients are inclined to accept the possibility (decision-making) that an internally generated event, such as a ‘voice’, is an externally generated stimulus (perception).”
BackgroundWesthead, M., & Georgiades, A. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70061 · Cited by 26
“Based on the findings of the present review, we propose the following Religious Coping Model for Psychosis (see Figure 2), namely that the type of religious coping employed in response to anomalous experiences generated by bio-psychosocial stressors influences clinical outcome.”
InfluentialBarnes, G. L., Stewart, C. S., Browning, S., Bracegirdle, K., Laurens, K. R., Gin, K., Hirsch, C. R., Abbott, C., Onwumere, J., Banerjea, P., et al. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02168-9 · Cited by 17
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“Further, psychological treatments might be adapted so as to include modules designed to better target delusional belief presentations—as has been successfully done in other psychotic conditions [39, 40].”
BackgroundGarcia-Mondragon, L., Konaç, D., Newbury, J. B., Young, K. S., Ing, A., Fürtjes, A. E., & Barker, E. D. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02022-9 · Cited by 15
“This aligns with previous evidence that negative beliefs about the self and others contribute to depression and psychosis symptoms [12, 59, 60], and more generally, with cognitive theories on the role of negative thoughts about the self and others in psychosis [61].”
ResultMonsonet, M., Rockwood, N., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac071 · Cited by 16
Kingston, J. L., Schlier, B., Lincoln, T. M., So, S. H., Gaudiano, B. A., Morris, E. M. J., Phiri, P., & Ellett, L. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad027 · Cited by 20
“Consistent with cognitive models, 7 we found that for individuals who did not identify as belonging to the respective minority group, high negative and low positive self and other beliefs and low perceived social rank were all associated with higher levels of paranoia.”
BackgroundGrady, S., Twomey, C. D., Cullen, C. M., & Gaynor, K. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.01.008 · Cited by 16
“Seminal affective models of psychosis emerged at the start of the 21st century and suggested that psychosis may result from heightened emotional distress following adverse life events (Fisher et al., 2013; Garety et al., 2001).”
InfluentialLinking childhood trauma to the psychopathology of schizophrenia: the role of oxytocin
Chen, Y.-J., Lu, M., Chiu, Y.-H., Chen, C., Santos, V. H. J., & Goh, K. K. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00433-9 · Cited by 19
“These hallucinations may manifest as a variation of posttraumatic intrusive memories 62 or emerge from errors in source monitoring 63,64 .”
BackgroundCognitive-behaviour therapy and schizophrenia
Wykes, T. (2014) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2014-101887 · Cited by 16
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Bredemeier, K., McCole, K., Luther, L., Beck, A. T., & Grant, P. M. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9714-2 · Cited by 16
Characterizing core beliefs in psychosis: a qualitative study
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“Emotional experience is also implicated in the aetiology of psychosis (Birchwood 2003; Garety et al. 2001), although there remains disagreement about the mechanisms through which emotions, or more broadly, felt experiences, might contribute to its development and maintenance (Bentall et al.”
BackgroundBen‐Zeev, D., Buck, B., Chander, A., Brian, R., Wang, W., Atkins, D. C., Brenner, C. J., Cohen, T., Campbell, A. T., & MUNSON, J. A. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa060 · Cited by 16
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“**p < .01. victimization is associated with the specific cognitive biases that underlie the emergence of PLEs (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSchneider, M., der Linden, M. V., Menghetti, S., Debbané, M., & D, S. E. M. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12224 · Cited by 16
“2DS, which is consistent with recent conceptualizations in the field of schizophrenia.(51) On the opposite, the group difference for the SPQ negative dimension remained statistically significant even after controlling for these two variables.”
Lee, S. J., Yoo, S. Y., Kang, D., Lee, K. J., Ha, T. H., Wee, W., Lee, A.-R., Kim, N. S., & Kwon, J. S. (2008) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000125557 · Cited by 16
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“[1] have proposed a cognitive model describing the occurrence of persecutory delusional symptoms.”
BackgroundPredicting changes in delusional ideation: The role of mindfulness and negative schemas
Oliver, J. E., McLachlan, K., Jose, P. E., & PETERS, E. R. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02025.x · Cited by 19
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Jacobs, N., Myin‐Germeys, I., Derom, C. A., VLIETINCK, R. F., & van Os, J. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00588.x · Cited by 16
Underwood, R., Kumari, V., & Peters, E. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002780 · Cited by 14
“…models of psychosis suggest that appraisals can be distinguished or ‘decoupled’ from actual psychotic experiences (PEs), and play a key role in the transition to a clinical ‘need-for-care’ (Bentall et al. 2001; Garety et al. 2001, 2007; Morrison, 2001; Bentall et al. 2007; Howes & Murray, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialFarrelly, S., Peters, E., Azis, M., David, A., & Hunter, E. C. (2016) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-016-0086-7 · Cited by 15
“Depersonalisation symptoms could be considered a type of anomalous experience [23, 28], and although to the authors’ knowledge there are no empirical studies which have explored the appraisals of depersonalisation symptoms in those with psychosis, and in particular whether these symptoms might give rise to psychotic e…”
BackgroundCatone, G., Pisano, S., Broome, M. R., Lindau, J. F., Pascotto, A., & Gritti, A. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2016-004 · Cited by 15
“Garety and colleagues conceptualized delusions as attempts to provide meaning to internal and external events; they proposed that the main features of delusions reflect internal beliefs about the self, the world, and others (45).”
BackgroundCognitive appraisals of dissociation in psychosis: a new brief measure
Černis, E., Bird, J. C., Molodynski, A., Ehlers, A., & Freeman, D. H. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000958 · Cited by 15
“…given the ‘robust and well-replicated’ associations between dissociation and psychotic symptoms (Longden et al., 2020), and suggestions that anomalous experiences – such as dissociation – may contribute to the development and maintenance of psychotic symptoms (Freeman, 2016; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPionke‐Ubych, R., Frydecka, D., Cechnicki, A., Nelson, B., & Gawęda, Ł. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.611069 · Cited by 18
“This is in line with a cognitive model of psychosis (22, 74) which assumes that biased information processing can directly give rise to psychotic symptoms.”
BackgroundResultProcess analysis of trauma‐focused cognitive behavioural therapy for individuals with schizophrenia
O’Driscoll, C., Mason, O. J., Brady, F., Smith, B., & Steel, C. (2015) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12072 · Cited by 15
Lobban, F. A., & Barrowclough, C. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9731-3 · Cited by 15
“In fact, most of the cognitive models of psychosis highlight the important role of friends and relatives in the development and maintenance of psychosis (Bentall et al. 2001; Freeman et al. 2002; Garety et al. 2001; Morrison 2001; Steel et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialWorld Assumptions in Psychosis
Valiente, C., Espinosa, R., Vázquez, C., Cantero, D., & Fuentenebro, F. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181f9807b · Cited by 15
“In recent years, Garety et al. have proposed that delusional explanations reflect preexisting beliefs about the self, world, and others (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundBrew, B., Shannon, C., Storey, L., Boyd, A., & Mulholland, C. C. (2017) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2017.1342504 · Cited by 22
“Although findings from this study fit with both the cognitive theory of the positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001), which highlighted the central role of emotion in the development of symptoms, and the theory of blocked adolescence (Harrop & Trower, 2001), which considers psychosis as…”
Resultde Vos, C., Thompson, A. D., Amminger, G. P., Bendall, S., de Haan, L., Hartmann, J., Lavoie, S., Markulev, C., McGorry, P. D., Nieman, D. H., et al. (2019) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2019.1582686 · Cited by 16
Obeidat, B., Matalka, I. I., Al-Mohtaseb, A. H., Jaradat, S. A., Hayajneh, W. A., Khasawneh, R. H., Haddad, H. I., & Obeidat, F. N. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Ruffell, T., Azis, M., Hassanali, N., Ames, C. S., Browning, S., Bracegirdle, K., Corrigall, R. J., Laurens, K. R., Hirsch, C. R., Kuipers, E., et al. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0739-8 · Cited by 15
“This is consistent with the continuum premise underpinning cognitive models of the development and maintenance of psychosis [5, 6].”
ResultSelf-citationHospital comorbidity bias and the concept of schizophrenia
Bak, M., Drukker, M., van Os, J., & Delespaul, P. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0971-0 · Cited by 14
Turner, D. T., MacBeth, A. M., Larkin, A., Moritz, S., Livingstone, K., Campbell, A., & Hutton, P. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby136 · Cited by 14
Delusional Perception Revisited
Nielsen, K. M., Nordgaard, J., & Henriksen, M. G. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000524642 · Cited by 14
Betz, L. T., Rosen, M., Salokangas, R. K. R., & Kambeitz, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.042 · Cited by 17
The journey to psychosis: an exploration of specific psychological pathways
Beards, S., & Fisher, H. L. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0953-6 · Cited by 14
“highlighted by contemporary psychological models of psychosis [3, 4].”
BackgroundBiases in everyday reasoning: Associations with subclinical anxiety, depression and paranoia
Bennett, K. M., & Corcoran, R. (2010) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522431003592649 · Cited by 14
“More recently it has been proposed that depression may influence the formation and maintenance of paranoid delusions (Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman & Bebbington, 2001 ).”
BackgroundLuzón, O., Harrop, C. E., & Nolan, F. (2009) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465809990191 · Cited by 14
García‐Mieres, H., Villaplana, A., López‐Carrilero, R., Grasa, E., Barajas, A., Pousa, E., Feixas, G., & Ochoa, S. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz082 · Cited by 14
Relating behaviours and therapeutic actions during AVATAR therapy dialogue: An observational study
O’Brien, C., Rus‐Calafell, M., Craig, T., Garety, P. A., Ward, T., Lister, R., & Fornells‐Ambrojo, M. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12296 · Cited by 14
“…of voice hearing (McCarthy-Jones et al., 2014); Beliefs about voices (Birchwood et al., 2004; Chadwick & Birchwood, 1994); CBT for psychosis (Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001; Morrison, 2001); Relating Therapy (Birtchnell, 1996; Hayward et al.,2009, 2017); Talking with…”
Self-citationThe influence of positive affect on jumping to conclusions in delusional thinking
Lee, G., Barrowclough, C., & Lobban, F. A. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.024 · Cited by 15
Exploring compulsory admission experiences of adults with psychosis in the UK using Grounded Theory
Loft, N. O., & Lavender, T. (2015) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2015.1101415 · Cited by 17
“…of feeling betrayed, angry, distressed, isolated, powerless, and stigmatised in what some reported to be an oppressive, un-containing environment, psychological distress (or other dysfunctional schemas, attribution or reasoning biases (outlined by Garety et al., 2001)) was not formally addressed.”
BackgroundInfluentialCounterfactual Reasoning Deficits in Schizophrenia Patients
Contreras, F., Albacete, À., Castellví, P., Caño, A., Benejam, B., & Menchón, J. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148440 · Cited by 14
External Shame as a Mediator between Paranoia and Social Safeness in Psychosis
Castilho, P., Pinto, A. M., Viegas, R. G., Carvalho, S. A., Madeira, N. G. G. F., & Martins, M. J. (2017) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12136 · Cited by 15
Self-esteem and Symptoms in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis
Benavides, C., Brucato, G., & Kimhy, D. (2018) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000824 · Cited by 14
Hansen, H. A., Stige, S. H., Moltu, C., Johannessen, J. O., Joa, I., Dybvig, S., & Veseth, M. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-019-0289-4 · Cited by 17
Azadi, S., Khosravani, V., Naragon‐Gainey, K., Bastan, F. S., Mohammadzadeh, A., & Ghorbani, F. (2019) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-019-00046-6 · Cited by 14
Kuranova, A., Booij, S. H., de Jonge, P., Jeronimus, B. F., Lin, A. P., Wardenaar, K. J., Wichers, M., & Wigman, J. T. W. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.019 · Cited by 14
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: Applications to Social Work Practice
Gregory, V. L. (2010) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332980902791086 · Cited by 14
“Maher’s (1974) theory is frequently cited in cognitive-behavioral literature regarding the explanation for (Bentall, Corcoran, Howard, Blackwood, & Kinderman, 2001; Bentall, Kinderman, & Kaney, 1994; Birchwood & Jackson, 2001; Freeman, 2007; Garety et al., 2001) and treatment of delusional beliefs (Chadwick, Birchwood…”
Temperament and executive dysfunctions in schizophrenia
Guillem, F., Pampoulova, T., Rinaldi, M. L., & Stip, É. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.002 · Cited by 14
“…according to rigid conceptual expectations (Magaro, 1980) or to ‘jump to conclusions’ (i.e., requesting less information to reach a decision), is also central in the newer cognitive accounts of reality distortion symptoms (i.e., delusions and hallucinations) (Garety et al., 1991, 1997, 2001).”
French, P., Hutton, P., Barratt, S., Parker, S., Byrne, R. E., Shryane, N. M., & Morrison, A. P. (2010) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522431003717683 · Cited by 14
Ellett, L., Varese, F., Owens, J., Rafiq, S., Penn, G., & Berry, K. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001708 · Cited by 15
Pelizza, L., Leuci, E., Quattrone, E., Azzali, S., Pupo, S., Paulillo, G., Pellegrini, P., & Menchetti, M. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02306-5 · Cited by 13
“Individual psychotherapy was developed on the cognitive–behavioral modules for psychotic disorders proposed by Garety and colleagues [18].”
BackgroundCognitive impairments, emotion, stress, and language in schizophrenia
Seghers, J. P., & Docherty, N. M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.08.004 · Cited by 13
“While the present results are consistent with cognitive-based conceptualizations of the effects of stress and depression, and particularly with the cognitive model of psychosis proposed by Garety et al. (2001), future research is required to replicate and extend the present preliminary findings.”
ResultWaller, H., Craig, T., Landau, S., Fornells‐Ambrojo, M., Hassanali, N., Iredale, C., Jolley, S., McCrone, P., & Garety, P. A. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-255 · Cited by 13
“For many, recovery is impeded by high levels of distress, often resulting from persisting psychotic symptoms, stigma and social exclusion [1,2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationValmaggia, L., Tabraham, P., Morris, E. M. J., & Bouman, T. K. (2008) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2007.02.007 · Cited by 13
“The case conceptualization was developed with reference to the Garety et al. (2001) model of positive symptoms of psychosis, described above (see Fig.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCrisis of natural-scientific and human approaches in psychiatry
Незнанов, Н. Г., Kotsyubinsky, A. P., & Kotsyubinsky, D. A. (2019) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2019-1-8-15 · Cited by 13
Cowan, H. R., Mittal, V. A., Allen, D. N., Gold, J. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000554 · Cited by 13
“Cognitive therapy has been suggested for both purposes, with a focus on negative self- and other-schemas for NA and an emphasis on positive expectancies for PA (Garety et al., 2001; Horan et al., 2008; Rector et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGranieri, A., Bonafede, M., Marinaccio, A., Iavarone, I., Marsili, D., & Franzoi, I. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584320 · Cited by 13
Wei, Q., Pan, Y., Zhang, S., Yin, W., Lin, Q., Pan, S., Dai, C., Zhou, L., & Wu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.974674 · Cited by 13
“These findings are consistent with previous research suggesting that childhood trauma (33), particularly those characterized by abuse, can cause negative cognition about oneself and the world, resulting in psychological and/or physical vulnerability and positive psychotic symptoms such as psychotic experiences (71).”
ResultDokuz, G., Kani, A. S., Uysal, Ö., & Kuşçu, M. K. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114872 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-195
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2162176680
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- psychosis, positive symptoms, cognitive models, cognitive processes, symptom maintenance, social factors, neurobiological factors, levels of explanation, phenomenology
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychotic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Environment
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