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A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
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“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models 21,22 posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“These results support biopsychosocial models 21,22,37 that emphasize the importance of environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis and need for care.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“it is likely that persistent PEs only become problematic in the context of pre-existent vulnerabilities, as suggested by contemporary aetiological models of psychosis 21,22,37”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“According to the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001) and the Bio‐Psychosocial Model of Transition to Psychosis (Georgiades et al. 2023), avoidance and social withdrawal, as well as psychosocial stress and interpersonal sensitivity, contribute to the onset and maintenance of psychosis symptoms.”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Garety et al. 2001
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“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is invoked as an explanatory mechanism in models of delusions.4”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“When people with schizophrenia (who have or are prone to delusions) make decisions in an uncertain setting, they tend to draw on less information in reaching that decision than does a person without schizophrenia.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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“They might also ignore pieces of evidence that contradict that decision.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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Items 101–200 of 1,002
Elis, O., Caponigro, J. M., & Kring, A. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.001 · Cited by 191
van Rossum, I., Dominguez, M.-D.-G., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp101 · Cited by 170
“Existent psychological models of symptom formation suggest that the emotional context, and associated beliefs or appraisals, may induce bias in logical reasoning processes and, therefore, provoke reality distortion in healthy individuals.(2,15) In the psychological model described by Garety and colleagues,(1) the expe…”
Lataster, T., van Os, J., Drukker, M., Henquet, C., Feron, F., Gunther, N., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0060-4 · Cited by 212
“According to a recent cognitive model of psychosis, adverse experiences in childhood can induce a cognitive liability for psychosis [15].”
BackgroundChildhood traumas and hallucinations: An analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey
Shevlin, M. E., Dorahy, M. J., & Adamson, G. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.03.004 · Cited by 165
“Such externalised appraisals may be associated with the onset and maintenance of hallucinations, as sensory, psychological, and somatic experiences get appraised as anomalous and foreign sensations (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundA review of the role of illness models in severe mental illness
Lobban, F. A., Barrowclough, C., & Jones, S. H. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00230-1 · Cited by 165
Feyaerts, J., Henriksen, M. G., Vanheule, S., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Sass, L. A. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30460-0 · Cited by 175
A, L. K. M., Myin‐Germeys, I., Hanssen, M., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., Bak, M., & van Os, J. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466504x19767 · Cited by 162
Kuipers, E. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl014 · Cited by 166
“A Cognitive Model of the Positive Symptoms of Psychosis (As Discussed in Garety et al).(14) E.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSignificance of endorsement of psychotic symptoms by US latinos
Lewis-Fernández, R., Horvitz-Lennon, M., Blanco, C., Guarnaccia, P. J., Cao, Z., & Alegría, M. (2009) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181a2087e · Cited by 161
“An association between trauma and psychotic symptoms has been described in other populations, particularly with respect to hallucinations and persecutory delusions (Johns et al., 2004; Garety et al., 2001; Hamner et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSitko, K., Bentall, R., Shevlin, M., O'Sullivan, N., & Sellwood, W. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.019 · Cited by 181
“Garety et al. (2001) have proposed that adverse childhood experiences can influence the development of negative schemas about the self and others, biasing attributions of cause towards external sources, and in doing so, contributing to the subsequent development of paranoid delusions.”
Peters, E., Ward, T., Jackson, M., Morgan, C., Charalambides, M., McGuire, P., Woodruff, P., Jacobsen, P., Chadwick, P., & Garety, P. A. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20301 · Cited by 151
“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models (21,22) posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationHardy, A., Emsley, R., Freeman, D. H., Bebbington, P., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Dunn, G., & Fowler, D. G. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv175 · Cited by 181
Self-citationTai, S., & Turkington, D. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp080 · Cited by 154
The relationship between bullying, psychotic-like experiences and appraisals in 14–16-year olds
Campbell, M. L. C., & Morrison, A. P. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.009 · Cited by 158
Bloomfield, M., Chang, T., Woodl, M. J., Lyons, L. M., Cheng, Z. H., Bauer‐Staeb, C., Hobbs, C., Bracke, S., Kennerley, H., Isham, L., et al. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20841 · Cited by 161
Childhood trauma and auditory verbal hallucinations
Daalman, K., Diederen, K. M. J., Derks, E. M., van Lutterveld, R., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000761 · Cited by 153
“A third possibility is that offered by Garety et al. (2001), who define a central role for cognitive disturbances, leading to external appraisal errors.”
Relevant dimensions of delusions: Continuing the continuum versus category debate
Lincoln, T. M. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.013 · Cited by 158
“Due to the cooccurrence of symptoms in patients, it has been postulated that delusions are dysfunctional attempts to make sense of anomalous perceptual experiences (Maher, 1974; Garety et al., 2001) or that meta-cognitive beliefs are an underlying factor for both symptoms (Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundIs there a continuum of psychotic experiences in the general population?
van Os, J. (2003) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00003067 · Cited by 155
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Review
Turkington, D., Dudley, R. E. J., Warman, D. M., & Beck, A. T. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200401000-00002 · Cited by 154
Child Maltreatment and Psychosis: A Return to a Genuinely Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model
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What is the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and ASD traits in psychosis? A systematic review
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“(2105) and Hallerback et al. (2012) had relatively small sample sizes when considering outpatient populations with psychosis as less than 100 participants may not be a truly representative sample (Chisholm et al.”
BackgroundImpact of stress on paranoia: an experimental investigation of moderators and mediators
Lincoln, T. M., Peter, N., Schäfer, M., & Moritz, S. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004613 · Cited by 154
“Cognitive conceptualizations of psychosis have theorized that one route to the development of psychotic symptoms involves emotional changes (Garety et al. 2001), proposing anxiety to be the most relevant emotion with regard to paranoia (Freeman et al. 2001).”
BackgroundReasoning Anomalies Associated With Delusions in Schizophrenia
Langdon, R. A., Ward, P. B., & Coltheart, M. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn069 · Cited by 147
“Externalizing bias (EB) might, eg, be associated with a general failure to self-correct an initial implausible thought (‘‘God is speaking to me’’) with an internalizing attribution (‘‘something wrong with my mind is causing me to hear voices’’).(31,32) Likewise, ToM impairment might reflect an egocentric difficulty wi…”
BackgroundA Randomized Experimental Investigation of Reasoning Training for People With Delusions
Ross, K., Freeman, D. H., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. A. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn165 · Cited by 150
Self-citationTrauma-Related Intrusions and Psychosis: An Information Processing Account
Steel, C., Fowler, D. G., & Holmes, E. A. (2004) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465804001924 · Cited by 145
“It is hoped that further developments in our understanding of basic processes, that is information processing mechanisms and trauma-related intrusions, may be integrated within currently existing, more generic, cognitive behavioural models of psychosis ( Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDopamine and the aberrant salience hypothesis of schizophrenia
Howes, O. D., & Nour, M. M. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20276 · Cited by 146
Migration, ethnicity and psychoses: evidence, models and future directions
Morgan, C., Knowles, G., & Hutchinson, G. A. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20655 · Cited by 157
Ellett, L., Freeman, D. H., & Garety, P. A. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.027 · Cited by 143
“We have discussed elsewhere how cognitive models can provide the missing link in the chain between the social environment and individual positive symptoms, via emotional and cognitive processes (Garety et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSo, S. H., Freeman, D. H., Dunn, G., Kapur, S., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D. G., & Garety, P. A. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025297 · Cited by 143
Self-citationCan Virtual Reality be Used to Investigate Persecutory Ideation?
Freeman, D. H., Slater, M., Bebbington, P., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Met, A., Read, C. M., Jordan, J., & Vinayagamoorthy, V. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000082212.83842.fe · Cited by 141
“Our model indicates that the positive symptoms of psychosis arise from an interaction of psychotic and emotional processes (Garety et al., 2001; Freeman et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPalmier‐Claus, J. E., Dunn, G., & Lewis, S. W. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001929 · Cited by 154
“Other authors have proposed that affective dysregulation, triggered by anomalous experiences acting on a bio-psycho-social vulnerability, may contribute to the misattribution of anomalous experiences (Garety et al. 2001).”
BackgroundLudwig, L., Werner, D., & Lincoln, T. M. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101746 · Cited by 147
Brain-body interactions underlying the association of loneliness with mental and physical health
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Disease, deficit or denial? Models of poor insight in psychosis
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“Such ideas have not been supported by more recent psychological models, which focus on extending cognitive behavioural theories to the problem of psychosis and interventions based on these models show evidence of success (89, 90).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVoice of the Psychonauts: Coping, Life Purpose, and Spirituality in Psychedelic Drug Users
Móró, L., Simon, K., Bárd, I., & Rácz, J. (2011) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2011.605661 · Cited by 136
“Mobilized coping strategies play an important role also in avoiding transition from nonclinical to clinical states in psychotic patients (Garety et al. 2001).”
BackgroundResultChildhood trauma and psychosis: Evidence, pathways, and implications
Read, J., & Larkin, W. (2008) · Journal of Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.4103/0022-3859.41437 · Cited by 136
Kettle, J. W. L., O'Brien-Simpson, L., & Allen, N. B. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.011 · Cited by 134
Andrew, E. M., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170700253x · Cited by 133
“On a theoretical level, the detection here of a high prevalence of traumatic life events among PVH and NPVH lends support to recent psychological models of psychotic symptoms (Garety et al. 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
ResultReeve, S., Emsley, R., Sheaves, B., & Freeman, D. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx103 · Cited by 131
Self-citationSchultze‐Lutter, F., Klosterkötter, J., & Ruhrmann, S. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.02.010 · Cited by 132
Why are help-seeking subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis help-seeking?
Falkenberg, I., Valmaggia, L., Byrnes, M., Frascarelli, M., Jones, C., Rocchetti, M., Straube, B., Badger, S., McGuire, P. K., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.018 · Cited by 141
“However, cognitive models of psychosis propose that affective dysregulation play a key role in the formation and maintenance of psychotic symptoms (Garety et al., 2001).”
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Greenwood, K., Sweeney, A., Williams, S., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Scott, J. L., & PETERS, E. R. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp117 · Cited by 136
Self-citationvan der Gaag, M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl027 · Cited by 127
Scott, J. G., Martin, G., Bor, W., Sawyer, M., Clark, J., & McGrath, J. J. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.11.002 · Cited by 127
“If this is the case, interventions targeting beliefs abouthallucinationsmay reduce the likelihoodofonsetof psychosis (Garety et al., 2001).”
Backgroundvan Os, J., Delespaul, P., Wigman, J. T. W., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Wichers, M. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20046 · Cited by 170
“Therefore, there is increasing interest in how multiple symptoms in individuals arise not as a function of a latent construct, but as a function of symptoms impacting on each other, for example insomnia impacting on depressive symptoms (10) or on paranoia (11), depressive symptoms impacting on anxiety symptoms (12), a…”
BackgroundWilliams, J., Bucci, S., Berry, K., & Varese, F. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.009 · Cited by 146
Childhood abuse, the BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism and adult psychotic-like experiences
Alemany, S., Arias, B., Aguilera, M., Villa, H., Moya-Higueras, J., Ibáñez, M. I., Vossen, H. G. M., Gastó, C., Ortet, G., & Fañanás, L. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083808 · Cited by 124
Valmaggia, L. R., Stahl, D., Yung, A. R., Nelson, B., Fusar-Poli, P., McGorry, P. D., & McGuire, P. K. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000251 · Cited by 121
“We join other authors who have advocated the potential benefits of a more symptom-focused approach (Bentall et al. 1988; Andreasen & Carpenter, 1993; Buchanan & Carpenter, 1997; Garety et al. 2001; Herbener & Harrow, 2004; Fusar-Poli et al. 2007; Turkington & Morrison, 2012), targeting these domains in particular.”
BackgroundDunn, G., Emsley, R., Liu, H., Landau, S., Green, J., White, I. R., & Pickles, A. R. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19930 · Cited by 124
A systematic review on mediators between adversity and psychosis: potential targets for treatment
Alameda, L., Rodríguez, V., Carr, E., Aas, M., Trotta, G., Marino, P., Vorontsova, N., Herane-Vives, A., Gadelrab, R., Spinazzola, E., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002421 · Cited by 136
Metacognitions in proneness towards hallucinations and delusions
Larøi, F., & der Linden, M. V. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.008 · Cited by 122
“Indeed, it has been proposed (Garety et al., 2001) that breakdown in cognitive regulation plays a major role in the development and maintenance of positive psychotic symptoms.”
BackgroundResultKorver‐Nieberg, N., Berry, K., Meijer, C. J., & de Haan, L. (2013) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12010 · Cited by 140
Garety, P. A., Waller, H., Emsley, R., Jolley, S., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Fowler, D. G., Hardy, A., & Freeman, D. H. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu103 · Cited by 120
Self-citationMcCarthy‐Jones, S., Thomas, N., Strauss, C., Dodgson, G., Jones, N., Woods, A., Brewin, C. R., Hayward, M., Stephane, M., Barton, J. C., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu018 · Cited by 130
“An alternative approach begins from cognitive models that conceptualize voices as being rooted in negative cognitions akin to those characteristic of anxiety and depressive disorders.(29,54,55) If cognitions characteristic of these disorders occurred in the presence of source-monitoring deicits, this could generate di…”
BackgroundBak, M., Krabbendam, L., Janssen, I., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., & van Os, J. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00646.x · Cited by 118
Differences in Cognitive and Emotional Processes Between Persecutory and Grandiose Delusions
Garety, P. A., Gittins, M., Jolley, S., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., & Freeman, D. H. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs059 · Cited by 119
Self-citationShevlin, M. E., Murphy, J., Dorahy, M. J., & Adamson, G. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.014 · Cited by 119
“Morrison, Frame, and Larkin (2003), among others (Garety et al., 2001), have offered cognitive accounts of the association between childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms.”
BackgroundPathogenesis of schizophrenia: a psychopathological perspective
Owens, D. G. C., Miller, P., Lawrie, S., & Johnstone, E. C. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.5.386 · Cited by 130
Mood Instability and Psychosis: Analyses of British National Survey Data
Marwaha, S., Broome, M. R., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E., & Freeman, D. H. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt149 · Cited by 123
Self-citationPhillips, L., Francey, S. M., Edwards, J., & McMurray, N. E. (2009) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800902811065 · Cited by 117
“The experience of traumatic events during early childhood is thought to increase the risk of dysfunctional or maladaptive coping in response to psychotic symptoms (Bak et al, 2005 ; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ), yet the experience of childhood trauma has not been assessed in many studies to d…”
BackgroundComputational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness
Corlett, P. R., & Fletcher, P. C. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70298-6 · Cited by 105
Cognitive and neural processes in non-clinical auditory hallucinations
Barkus, E., Stirling, J., Hopkins, R., McKie, S., & Lewis, S. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.191.51.s76 · Cited by 115
Neural Mechanisms of Affective Interference in Schizotypy.
Mohanty, A., Herrington, J. D., Koven, N. S., Fisher, J. E., Wenzel, E. A., WEBB, A. G., Heller, W., Banich, M. T., & Miller, G. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.16 · Cited by 120
Emotional dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum psychosis: the role of illness perceptions
WATSON, P. W. B., Garety, P. A., Weinman, J. A., Dunn, G., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D. G., Freeman, D. H., & Kuipers, E. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706007458 · Cited by 120
“(1984) and also test the predictions of the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationStress and psychosis: Towards the development of new models of investigation
Phillips, L., Francey, S. M., Edwards, J., & McMurray, N. E. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.003 · Cited by 113
Management of snake-bite in rural Maharashtra: a 10-year experience.
Punde, D. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 113
Newbury, J. B., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., & Fisher, H. L. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw052 · Cited by 121
Childhood trauma and schizotypy: a systematic literature review
Velikonja, T., Fisher, H. L., Mason, O. J., & Johnson, S. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002086 · Cited by 110
“Pathways between traumatic experiences and unusual perceptual experiences are less clear, and are seen as either an artefact of intrusive memories of traumatic events (Morrison, 2001) or the effect of underlying biological vulnerability caused by early trauma (Garety et al. 2001).”
BackgroundThe impact of beliefs about mental health problems and coping on outcome in schizophrenia
Lobban, F. A., Barrowclough, C., & Jones, S. H. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170400203x · Cited by 110
“This is consistent with a more general cognitive models of psychosis as described by Morrison (2001), Birchwood et al. (2000) and Garety et al. (2001).”
Methodvan Dam, D. S., van Nierop, M. M., Viechtbauer, W., Velthorst, E., van Winkel, R., Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) investigators, Bruggeman, R., Cahn, W., de Haan, L., Kahn, R. S., et al. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714001561 · Cited by 116
“As childhood trauma has been suggested to create enduring cognitive biases and longlasting alterations in stress systems associated with the development of psychotic symptoms (Garety et al. 2001; Kapur, 2003; Bentall & Fernyhough, 2008; Binder et al. 2008; Perry et al. 2008; Collip et al. 2013), we might expect that,…”
InfluentialHalvorsrud, K., Nazroo, J. Y., Otis, M., Hajdukova, E. B., & Bhui, K. S. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01758-y · Cited by 127
Avoiding False Negatives: Are Some Auditory Hallucinations an Evolved Design Flaw?
Dodgson, G., & Gordon, S. (2009) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465809005244 · Cited by 109
Stigmatization as an Environmental Risk in Schizophrenia: A User Perspective
van Zelst, C. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn184 · Cited by 109
On the non-significance of internal versus external auditory hallucinations
Copolov, D. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00092-6 · Cited by 110
“Modern psychological approaches to the understanding and treatment of psychotic experiences tend to use cognitive and neuropsychological models in which such phenomena are explained in terms of attributions and/or dysfunction in regulatory processes (Shergill et al., 1998; Blakemore et al., 2000; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundLangdon, R. A., Corner, T., McLaren, J., Ward, P. B., & Coltheart, M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.012 · Cited by 107
Loore, E. D., Günther, N., Drukker, M., FERON, F. J. M., Sabbe, B., Deboutte, D., van Os, J., & Myin‐Germeys, I. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.015 · Cited by 113
“Delusional ideation may secondarily arise as a result of biased conscious appraisals that abnormal perceptual experiences are externally caused (Garety et al., 2001).”
Smeets, F., Lataster, T., Dominguez, M.-D.-G., Hommes, J. E., Lieb, R., Wïttchen, H., & van Os, J. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq117 · Cited by 108
Virtual reality and paranoid ideations in people with an ‘at-risk mental state’ for psychosis
Valmaggia, L., Freeman, D. H., Green, C., Garety, P. A., Swapp, D., Antley, A., Prescott, C., Fowler, D. G., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., et al. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.191.51.s63 · Cited by 106
“In these studies psychological variables identified from a cognitive model of persecutory delusions (Garety et al, 2001; Freeman et al, 2002) have been used to predict the occurrence of persecutory thoughts about computer characters in a neutral virtual reality social environment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationInfluence of carer expressed emotion and affect on relapse in non-affective psychosis
Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., Watson, P., Hardy, A., & Garety, P. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.104.007294 · Cited by 102
“Our model (Garety et al, 2001) was partly supported.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRead, J., & Ross, C. A. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/jaap.31.1.247.21938 · Cited by 105
Sex differences in symptoms of psychosis in a non-selected, general population sample
Marić, N. P., Krabbendam, L., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00380-8 · Cited by 107
Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for psychosis.
Peters, E., Moritz, S., Schwannauer, M., Wiseman, Z., Greenwood, K., Scott, J., Beck, A., Donaldson, C., Hagen, R., Ross, K., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs199 · Cited by 109
“A: Someone has deliberately opened this letter already (3) B: I wonder if this may have been opened again after it was written (2) C: I don’t think anything of it (1)”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationUnderstanding Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Cooke, A. (2014) · Cited by 163
Childhood adversity and psychosis: a systematic review of bio-psycho-social mediators and moderators
Sideli, L., Murray, R. M., Schimmenti, A., Corso, M., Barbera, D. L., Trotta, A., & Fisher, H. L. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002172 · Cited by 119
Prevalence and correlates of auditory vocal hallucinations in middle childhood
Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., Jenner, J. A., van de Willige, G., van Os, J., & Wiersma, D. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065953 · Cited by 103
A Compassion Focused Model of Recovery after Psychosis
Gumley, A. I., Braehler, C., Laithwaite, H., MacBeth, A. M., & Gilbert, P. (2010) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2010.3.2.186 · Cited by 102
Perceived discrimination and psychosis: a systematic review of the literature
Pearce, J. L., Rafiq, S., Simpson, J., & Varese, F. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01729-3 · Cited by 117
Formation of delusional ideation in adolescents hearing voices: A prospective study
Escher, S., Romme, M., Buiks, A., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.10203 · Cited by 99
Padmanabhan, J. L., Shah, J. L., Tandon, N., & Keshavan, M. S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.014 · Cited by 106
“, 2009), and psychological phenomena, such as negative emotions (Garety et al., 2001; Thewissen et al., 2011).”
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Phraxayavong, K., & Dumais, A. (2021) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-021-00139-2 · Cited by 100
The Psychology of Persecutory Ideation I
Freeman, D. H., Dunn, G., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P., Slater, M., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Green, C., Jordan, J., & Ray, K. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000161687.12931.67 · Cited by 99
“We have proposed a cognitive model of persecutory delusions (Freeman and Garety, 2004; Freeman et al., 2002) based upon our general psychological understanding of the positive symptoms of psychosis (Fowler, 2000; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationBrett, C., Heriot‐Maitland, C., McGuire, P., & Peters, E. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12036 · Cited by 99
“Overall, these findings support the fundamental cognitive approach to psychosis (Bentall et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001), which deems the appraisal, response, Table 3.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBrett, C. M. C., Peters, E. P., Johns, L. C., Tabraham, P., Valmaggia, L. R., & Mcguire, P. K. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.191.51.s23 · Cited by 97
Lataster, T., Valmaggia, L., Lardinois, M., van Os, J., & Myin‐Germeys, I. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002279 · Cited by 101
“…lead to the formation of negative schemas about the self and the world (e.g. beliefs about the self as vulnerable to threat, or about others as dangerous) that facilitate external attributions, which may lead to the development of paranoid delusions (Bentall et al. 2001; Garety et al. 2001, 2007).”
BackgroundHow do auditory verbal hallucinations in patients differ from those in non-patients?
Larøi, F. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00025 · Cited by 97
“First, response to abnormal experience, such as AVHs, seems to be cognitively mediated by beliefs or appraisals (Garety et al., 2001).”
Palmier‐Claus, J. E., Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P. A., Dunn, G., & Lewis, S. W. (2011) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02013.x · Cited by 103
“Several theories posit that affective disregulation may play an important role in the generation of psychotic phenomena (Garety et al., 2001; Myin-Germeys & Van Os, 2007).”
BackgroundWilson, R. S., Yung, A. R., & Morrison, A. P. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.035 · Cited by 105
Dissociation in relation to other mental health conditions: An exploration using network analysis
Černis, E., Evans, R. J., Ehlers, A., & Freeman, D. H. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.023 · Cited by 101
“This is consistent with existing models of delusions (Maher and Ross, 1984; Garety et al., 2001; Freeman, 2016), and a recent meta-analysis of the relationships between dissociation and psychotic symptoms (Longden et al.”
ResultSelf-citationDemographic correlates of psychotic- like experiences in young Australian adults
Scott, J., Welham, J., Martin, G., Bor, W., Najman, J., O'Callaghan, M., Williams, G., Aird, R., & McGrath, J. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01214.x · Cited by 96
“For example, it has been proposed that delusional beliefs arise in individuals in order to explain abnormal perceptual disturbances (43), or that meta-cognitive processes are responsible for both delusions and hallucinations (44).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-195
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2162176680
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- psychosis, positive symptoms, cognitive models, cognitive processes, symptom maintenance, social factors, neurobiological factors, levels of explanation, phenomenology
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychotic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Environment
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