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A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
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“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models 21,22 posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“These results support biopsychosocial models 21,22,37 that emphasize the importance of environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis and need for care.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“it is likely that persistent PEs only become problematic in the context of pre-existent vulnerabilities, as suggested by contemporary aetiological models of psychosis 21,22,37”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“According to the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001) and the Bio‐Psychosocial Model of Transition to Psychosis (Georgiades et al. 2023), avoidance and social withdrawal, as well as psychosocial stress and interpersonal sensitivity, contribute to the onset and maintenance of psychosis symptoms.”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Garety et al. 2001
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“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is invoked as an explanatory mechanism in models of delusions.4”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“When people with schizophrenia (who have or are prone to delusions) make decisions in an uncertain setting, they tend to draw on less information in reaching that decision than does a person without schizophrenia.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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“They might also ignore pieces of evidence that contradict that decision.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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Citations
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Items 401–500 of 1,002
Relation between psychotic symptoms, parental care and childhood trauma in severe mental disorders
Catalán, A., Angosto, V., Díaz, A., Valverde, C., de Artaza, M. G., Pardo, E. S., Maruottolo, C., Galletero, I., Bustamante, S. E. Z., Bilbao, A., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.017 · Cited by 46
Lee, J.-Y.-O., Ban, D., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, J.-M., Shin, I., Yoon, J.-S., & Kim, S.-W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00369 · Cited by 44
“One cognitive model of psychosis suggests that a low self-concept is related to the development and maintenance of PLEs (51).”
BackgroundThe network structure of schizotypy in the general population
Polner, B., Faiola, E., Urquijo, M. F., Meyhöfer, I., Steffens, M., Rónai, L., Koutsouleris, N., & Ettinger, U. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-01078-x · Cited by 48
Dahoun, T., Nour, M. M., McCutcheon, R. A., Adams, R. A., Bloomfield, M., & Howes, O. D. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0627-y · Cited by 45
Morales‐Muñoz, I., Broome, M. R., & Marwaha, S. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1875 · Cited by 45
Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: aetiology and mechanism
Bebbington, P. (2009) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000233 · Cited by 43
“…of psychosis emphasize both the person’s appraisal of the impact of stress and the ensuing cognitions and emotions, and how they might interact with perceptual abnormalities (Fowler, 2000; Garety et al. , 2001; 2007; Bentall et al. , 2001; Morrison, 2001; Birchwood, 2003; Broome et al. , 2005).”
Self-citationThe role of safety-seeking behaviours in maintaining threat appraisals in psychosis
Gaynor, K., Ward, T., Garety, P., & Peters, E. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.10.008 · Cited by 42
“Cognitive models of psychosis have proposed that anomalous experiences become psychotic disorders depending on the appraisal of the experience and the subsequent emotional response (Chadwick & Birchwood, 1994; Freeman, 2007; Garety et al., 2001, 2007; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSood, M., Carnelley, K. B., & Newman‐Taylor, K. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12361 · Cited by 51
“These results align with attachment theory and psychosocial models of psychosis (Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001) which suggest that attachment-insecure individuals typically develop negative self/other working models, which adversely impact their ability to trust others and…”
Trauma therapies for psychosis: A state‐of‐the‐art review
Hardy, A., Keen, N., van den Berg, D. P. G., Varese, F., Longden, E., Ward, T., & Brand, R. M. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12499 · Cited by 44
“Seminal cognitive-behavioural models of psychosis heralded an increased focus on trauma in psychosis, building on the stress-vulnerability model of mental health and implicating emotional processes in psychotic experiences (Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001; Zubin & Spring, 1977).”
Steel, C., Wykes, T., Ruddle, A., Smith, G. M., Shah, D. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.042 · Cited by 44
“Recent psychological models of psychosis have highlighted how anxiety processes may be directly associated with the onset and maintenance of some forms of psychotic presentation, such as paranoia (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundShakoor, S., Zavos, H., Haworth, C., McGuire, P., Cardno, A., Freeman, D., & Ronald, A. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.159079 · Cited by 46
“…association between SLEs and psychotic experiences is consistent with cognitive psychological theories of the development of psychotic experiences, 33 which suggests that exposure to ‘triggering events’ are particularly damaging in individuals predisposed to disruptions in their cognitive…”
Self-citationTrauma and psychosis: theoretical and clinical implications
Scandinavica, A. P., Morrison, A. P., Read, J., & Turkington, D. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00644.x · Cited by 43
Normal Personality Characteristics in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature Involving the FFM
Dinzeo, T. J., & Docherty, N. M. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253795.69089.ec · Cited by 43
“Several researchers have speculated that intense negative emotions may contribute directly to the development and/or maintenance of delusions and hallucinations in vulnerable individuals (Krabbendam and van Os, 2005; Garety et al., 2001; Freeman and Garety, 2003), perhaps mediated by increased dopaminergic activity in…”
BackgroundMorris, E. M. J., Johns, L., & Gaudiano, B. A. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12479 · Cited by 51
Kang, J. I., Kim, J., Seok, J., Chun, J., Lee, S., & Park, H. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.08.019 · Cited by 42
“A cognitive model of psychosis suggested that direct emotional changes in patients with psychotic prodrome would play a central role in developing hallucinations with negative contents (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMurphy, S., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. E. (2015) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12077 · Cited by 48
“These dysfunctional negative self-other appraisals have also been found to exacerbate experiences of auditory hallucinations and paranoid ideation (Fowler et al., 2006; Garety et al., 2001; Kilcommons & Morrison, 2005; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundSpecificity of emotion-related effects on attentional processing in schizotypy
Mohanty, A., Heller, W., Koven, N. S., Fisher, J. E., Herrington, J. D., & Miller, G. A. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.003 · Cited by 42
“It provides a path by which the interplay of cognitive and affective phenomena could lead to the formation, maintenance, and exacerbation of positive symptoms, including delusions and hallucinations (Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001).”
Gajwani, R., Patterson, P. H., & Birchwood, M. J. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12027 · Cited by 46
Lau, J. Y. F., Heathcote, L. C., Beale, S., Gray, S., Jacobs, K., Wilkinson, N. M., & Crombez, G. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.01.005 · Cited by 42
“characterise, maintain and even precede many psychiatric [4; 26; 45].”
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“This may increase risk in vulnerable individuals by accentuating negative schematic models about the self and the world that facilitate external attributions (Garety et al., 2002).”
BackgroundOliver, J. E., O’Connor, J. A., Jose, P. E., McLachlan, K., & PETERS, E. R. (2011) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.637117 · Cited by 47
“Dominant theories in the study of psychotic experience emphasise that delusions are a direct consequence of cognitive disturbance (Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ) and that other psychological factors may determine the content, distress and durability of delusions over time (Freeman, 2007 ).”
BackgroundStefanis, N. C., Delespaul, P., Smyrnis, N., Lembesi, A., Avramopoulos, D., Evdokimidis, I., Stefanis, C., & van Os, J. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0771-3 · Cited by 42
Morris, E. M., Garety, P., & Peters, E. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414535671 · Cited by 41
“Cognitive models of psychosis hold central the appraisal of unusual experiences as an important factor in influencing symptom impact (Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001): consistent findings demonstrate associations between appraisals of voices and voice hearers’ affect and behaviour that are not…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcCarthy-Jones, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01310 · Cited by 40
“It has long been contended that the content of hallucinations can reflect emotions that precede them (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDrinnan, A., & Lavender, T. (2006) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13694670500071711 · Cited by 42
Sleeping Paranoia Away? An Actigraphy and Experience-Sampling Study with Adolescents
Hennig, T., & Lincoln, T. M. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0729-9 · Cited by 45
“Dissociative and other anomalous experiences can be confusing and paranoid explanations might appear intuitive to an individual in the absence of other explanations [29, 30].”
BackgroundResultCowan, H. R., McAdams, D. P., & Mittal, V. A. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001912 · Cited by 42
“Models of positive psychotic symptoms emphasize negative core beliefs (Garety et al., 2001), and previous youth research has found links between positive symptoms and negative beliefs about self and others (Addington & Tran, 2009; Stowkowy et al.”
BackgroundLincoln, T. M., & Pedersen, A. (2019) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.v1i1.31407 · Cited by 47
Preti, A., Bonventre, E., Ledda, V., Петретто, Д. Р., & Masala, C. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31802f205e · Cited by 40
“This model assumes a symptomatic continuum between normal individuals and patients with psychosis, whereby hallucinatory and delusion-like experiences and beliefs in nonclinical and clinical samples would share an underlying etiologic influence, including sociodemographic factors and neurocognitive mechanisms (Claridg…”
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“Empirical investigations and cognitive models of paranoia and persecutory delusions highlight the contribution of patients’ negative schematic beliefs about self and others (Bentall et al., 2001; Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2007; Fowler et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2006).”
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“Furthermore, social isolation can perpetuate the acceptance of these dysfunctional schemas by reducing access to normalizing explanations (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDelusions and belief flexibility in psychosis
Colbert, S., PETERS, E. R., & Garety, P. A. (2009) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608309x467320 · Cited by 40
“, 2001), a factor which has been proposed to contribute to the maintenance of delusional beliefs (Garety et al., 2001).”
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“If UHR individuals experience a breakdown in self-monitoring (Garety et al., 2001; Nelson et al., 2012; Sass, 2014), it is possible that this breakdown is related to a hyperconnected DMN and influences awareness of having a prodromal syndrome.”
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Gawęda, Ł., & Krężołek, M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.023 · Cited by 40
Emotions and persecutory ideation in daily life: On the trail of the “chicken and egg” problem.
Krkovic, K., Clamor, A., Schlier, B., & Lincoln, T. M. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000495 · Cited by 40
The Role of Social Isolation in the Relationships between Psychosis and Suicidal Ideation
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Wirksamkeit kognitiver Interventionen für Schizophrenie
Lincoln, T. M., Suttner, C., & Nestoriuc, Y. (2008) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042.59.4.217 · Cited by 40
Ames, C. S., Jolley, S., Laurens, K. R., Maddox, L., Corrigall, R. J., Browning, S., Hirsch, C. R., Hassanali, N., Bracegirdle, K., & Kuipers, E. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0500-0 · Cited by 39
“’s [10] model of the positive symptoms of psychosis could explain the presentation of PLEs in children.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMorrison, A. P., Turkington, D., Wardle, M., Spencer, H. M., Barratt, S., Dudley, R. E. J., Brabban, A., & Hutton, P. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.001 · Cited by 40
Narita, Z. C., Banawa, R. A., Zhou, S., DeVylder, J., Koyanagi, A., & Oh, H. Y. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114362 · Cited by 41
Impact of State Anxiety on the Jumping to Conclusions Delusion Bias
So, S. H., Freeman, D. H., & Garety, P. A. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802345466 · Cited by 39
Self-citationPeer relationships in adolescents experiencing a first episode of psychosis
Mackrell, L. T. J., & Lavender, T. (2004) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230400006775 · Cited by 39
“These findings can therefore be understood within the context of a stress-vulnerability model (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundWard, T. A., Gaynor, K. J., Hunter, M. D., Woodruff, P. W. R., Garety, P. A., & Peters, E. R. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt094 · Cited by 38
Aberrant salience, self-concept CLARITY, and interview-rated psychotic-like experiences
Cicero, D. C., Docherty, A. R., Becker, T. M., Martin, E. A., & Kerns, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_150 · Cited by 37
Cognitive biases and auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy and clinical individuals
Daalman, K., Sommer, I. E. C., Derks, E. M., & Peters, E. R. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000275 · Cited by 38
“…not solely the presence of anomalous experiences, such as AVH, which lead to full-blown psychotic symptoms, but rather the appraisals that individuals hold about these experiences (Chadwick & Birchwood, 1994; Birchwood & Chadwick, 1997; Morrison, 2001; Garety et al. 2001, 2007; Barkus et al. 2010).”
BackgroundResultAttachment dimensions and schizotypy in a non-clinical sample
Meins, E., Jones, S. R., Fernyhough, C., Hurndall, S., & Koronis, P. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.026 · Cited by 41
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Normalizes Functional Connectivity for Social Threat in Psychosis
Mason, L., PETERS, E. R., Dima, D., Williams, S., & Kumari, V. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv153 · Cited by 38
“6,37 Although no other studies have examined changes in connectivity following psychological therapy for psychosis, there is initial evidence of increased DLPFC regulation of amygdala during facial affective processing in social anxiety disorder.”
Are Specific Early-Life Adversities Associated With Specific Symptoms of Psychosis?
Wickham, S. L., & Bentall, R. P. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000511 · Cited by 38
“In a general sense, they can be understood within the framework of well-known cognitive models of psychosis (e.g., see Garety et al., 2001), which suggest that cognitive processes are the proximal determinant of psychotic experiences and that these processes can be affected by early life adversity.”
BackgroundRadhakrishnan, R., Gülöksüz, S., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Günther, N., Rauschenberg, C., Reininghaus, U., Pries, L.-K., Bak, M., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002635 · Cited by 43
“The role of affective dysregulation in the onset of psychosis derives from experimental and observational studies (Garety et al., 2001; Hanssen et al., 2005; Freeman et al., 2013a, 2013b; Bird et al., 2017), as well as experience sampling studies that found that a primary increase in…”
BackgroundPeach, N., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Cropper, S. J., Sun, P., & Bendall, S. (2018) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12206 · Cited by 43
Unravelling psychosis: psychosocial epidemiology, mechanism, and meaning.
Bebbington, P. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215027 · Cited by 38
Self-citationFannon, D. G., Hayward, P., Thompson, N., Green, N. H., Surguladze, S., & Wykes, T. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.031 · Cited by 38
“…and depression are in keeping with the finding from Smith et al. (2006) (empirically testing a sophisticated cognitive model of psychosis — Garety et al., 2001) demonstrating that auditory hallucinations were strongly associated with both low selfesteem and depression but not with…”
Gawęda, Ł., & Prochwicz, K. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.08.003 · Cited by 44
“According to the cognitive model [13,15,22], delusions develop due to cognitive biases which are dysfunctional thinking patterns that lead to inaccurate judgements or anomalous perceptual experiences.”
BackgroundLopes, B. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.800 · Cited by 42
Kramer, I., Simons, C. J. P., Myin‐Germeys, I., Jacobs, N., Derom, C. A., Thiery, E. W., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001474 · Cited by 39
“1, hypothesis 2), which may impact on the subsequent emergence of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001 ; Freeman, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodHennig, T., Jaya, E. S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw139 · Cited by 37
Shame and the psychosis continuum: A systematic review of the literature
Carden, L. J., Saini, P., Seddon, C., Watkins, M., & Taylor, P. J. (2018) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12204 · Cited by 45
Three Dangers: Phenomenological Reflections on the Psychotherapy of Psychosis
Sass, L. A. (2019) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000500012 · Cited by 37
Weintraub, M. J., Zinberg, J. L., Bearden, C. E., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2019) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.07.007 · Cited by 37
Rauschenberg, C., van Os, J., Goedhart, M., Schieveld, J. N. M., & Reininghaus, U. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01540-5 · Cited by 37
Gawęda, Ł., Pionke‐Ubych, R., Hartmann, J., Nelson, B., Cechnicki, A., & Frydecka, D. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa125 · Cited by 39
Riches, S., Pisani, S., Bird, L., Rus‐Calafell, M., Garety, P. A., & Valmaggia, L. (2021) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2021.1918648 · Cited by 41
Self-citationKaymaz, N., A, L. K. M., de Graaf, R., Nolen, W. A., ten Have, M., & van Os, J. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0086-7 · Cited by 37
“The hypothesised effects of cognitive social capital can be readily integrated in current hypotheses of cognitive neuropsychiatric models of psychotic symptoms [52, 53].”
BackgroundFollowup of Psychotic Outpatients: Dimensions of Delusions and Work Functioning in Schizophrenia
Harrow, M., Herbener, E. S., Shanklin, A., Jobe, T. H., Rattenbury, F. R., & Kaplan, K. J. (2004) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007059 · Cited by 36
Shaikh, M., Ellett, L., Dutt, A., Day, F., Laing, J., Kroll, J., Petrella, S., McGuire, P. K., & Valmaggia, L. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.006 · Cited by 40
“…ethnic discrimination in the present UHR sample supports current cognitive models, which propose that adverse psychosocial experiences contribute to the development of a cognitive vulnerability to psychosis and lead to negative schematic beliefs about self and others (Garety et al., 2001).”
ResultLarøi, F., der Linden, M. V., Fruyt, F. D., van Os, J., & Aleman, A. (2006) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000093922 · Cited by 37
“The vulnerability-stress model states that psychiatric symptoms (such as delusions) arise when a threshold of stressors exceeds the individual’s vulnerability level. One such vulnerability marker could be personality structure. Recent models of positive symptoms [”
BackgroundExtreme Appraisals of Internal States in Bipolar I Disorder: A Multiple Control Group Study
Mansell, W., Paszek, G., Seal, K., Pedley, R., Jones, S., Thomas, N., Mannion, H., Saatsi, S., & Dodd, A. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9287-1 · Cited by 48
Severe childhood trauma and clinical and neurocognitive features in schizotypal personality disorder
Velikonja, T., Velthorst, E., McClure, M. M., Rutter, S., Calabrese, W. R., Rosell, D., Koenigsberg, H. W., Goodman, M., New, A. S., Hazlett, E. A., et al. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13032 · Cited by 38
“Positive symptoms on the other hand have previously been explained as the effect of underlying biological vulnerability caused by early trauma (68) through dysregulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) (69) which plays a crucial role in hormonal responses to stress.”
BackgroundKuokkanen, R., Lappalainen, R. I., Repo‐Tiihonen, E., & Tiihonen, J. (2014) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.1905 · Cited by 36
French, P., Shryane, N. M., Bentall, R. P., Lewis, S. W., & Morrison, A. P. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.191.51.s82 · Cited by 36
“The expected correlation between positive symptoms and emotional dysfunction was observed, consistent with models of psychosis that view these symptoms as interacting elements in a positive feedback loop (Garety et al, 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundPos, K., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., Simons, C. J. P., Korver‐Nieberg, N., Meijer, C. J., de Haan, L., for GROUP, Bruggeman, R., Cahn, W., de Haan, L., et al. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414546386 · Cited by 36
“ToM impairment is associated with higher paranoid ideation, worse functional outcome, less help-seeking behaviour and poorer therapeutic alliance (Davis et al., 2011; Garety et al., 2001; Lysaker et al., 2005, 2013).”
Attentional processing of emotional faces in schizophrenia: Evidence from eye tracking.
Jang, S.-K., Kim, S., Kim, C.-Y., Lee, H.-S., & Choi, K. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000198 · Cited by 36
Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., Blijd-Hoogewys, E. M. A., & van Os, J. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01699.x · Cited by 39
Hearing impairment and psychosis: A replication in a cohort of young adults
Stefanis, N. C., Thewissen, V., Bakoula, C., van Os, J., & Myin‐Germeys, I. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.036 · Cited by 36
Kvrgic, S., Beck, E., Cavelti, M., Kossowsky, J., Stieglitz, R., & Vauth, R. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011399004 · Cited by 36
Sheinbaum, T., Cardona, E. Y. B., Ros‐Morente, A., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.020 · Cited by 36
“This finding, however, is in line with cognitive models of psychosis, which suggest that negative beliefs about the self and others contribute to the vulnerability and persistence of psychotic symptoms (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultReed, P., Wakefield, D., Harris, J., Parry, J. E., Cella, M., & Tsakanikos, E. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.005 · Cited by 36
Distress and Metacognition in Psychosis Prone Individuals
Barkus, E., Stirling, J., French, P., Morrison, A. P., Bentall, R. P., & Lewis, S. W. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181cc418a · Cited by 38
“The data presented in this study suggest support for both the models proposed by Morrison 1998, 2001 and Garety et al. 2001.”
BackgroundResultParanoia and negative schema about the self and others: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Humphrey, C., Bucci, S., Varese, F., Degnan, A., & Berry, K. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102081 · Cited by 34
Stressful and intrusive life events preceding first episode psychosis
Raune, D., Kuipers, E., & Bebbington, P. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000506 · Cited by 43
“, 1995) and the postulates of explanatory models of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001; 2007) in suggesting that stressful events may form part of the causal nexus leading to the first emergence of psychosis.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMetacognitive training for schizophrenia: a systematic review.
Jiang, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, Z., Li, W., & Li, C. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215065 · Cited by 34
“These studies have identified specific cognitive processes and biases among persons with schizophrenia,([10,11]) some of which are associated with the formation and maintenance of delusional symptoms.”
BackgroundSmeets, F., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., Delespaul, P., & G.R.O.U.P. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu122 · Cited by 36
Thompson, A. D., Marwaha, S., Nelson, B., Wood, S. J., McGorry, P. D., Yung, A. R., & Lin, A. P. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.017 · Cited by 35
“A prominent cognitive model of psychosis hypothesizes that the relationship between trauma and psychosis is influenced by dysphoric mood (Garety et al., 2001) and this may be true for all types of trauma.”
Schlier, B., Krkovic, K., Clamor, A., & Lincoln, T. M. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.046 · Cited by 35
White, R., Haddock, G., Campodonico, C., Haarmans, M., & Varese, F. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102022 · Cited by 37
Haunted by somatic tendencies: Spirit infestation as psychogenic illness
Houran, J., Kumar, V., Thalbourne, M. A., & Lavertue, N. E. (2002) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674670210141061 · Cited by 35
“…model of delusions of the paranormal provides some mathematical validation for the conclusions by Garety and colleagues (Garety & Freeman, 1999; Garety et al., 2001) that the most parsimonious conceptualization of delusion formation and maintenance is a multi-factorial model that incorporates…”
MethodSeeing words that are not there: Detection biases in schizotypy
Tsakanikos, E., & Reed, P. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x28757 · Cited by 35
“It has been suggested (Garety et al., 2001) that schizophrenic patients are inclined to accept the possibility that an experienced event (e.”
BackgroundDepression in schizophrenia and early psychosis: implications for assessment and treatment
Upthegrove, R. (2009) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.108.005629 · Cited by 35
Opoka, S. M., & Lincoln, T. M. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.005 · Cited by 33
Mild hearing impairment and psychotic experiences in a normal aging population
van der Werf, M., van Boxtel, M., Verhey, F., Jolles, J., Thewissen, V., & van Os, J. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.006 · Cited by 34
“Given the fact that the pathogenesis of psychosis is thought to involve, among others, an emotional pathway (Garety et al., 2001; Hanssen et al., 2005; Krabbendam and van Os, 2005; Krabbendam et al., 2005; Myin-Germeys and Os, 2007), one hypothesis is that emotional dysfunction arising in the…”
BackgroundFornells‐Ambrojo, M., Johns, L., Onwumere, J., Garety, P. A., Milosh, C., Iredale, C., PETERS, E. R., Webster, A., & Jolley, S. (2017) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12136 · Cited by 34
Self-citationSun, P., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Simpson, K., Lawrence, K. A., Peach, N., & Bendall, S. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.04.004 · Cited by 36
van Os, J., Pries, L.-K., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Delespaul, P., Bak, M., Kenis, G., Lin, B. D., Luykx, J. J., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003748 · Cited by 39
“research on diagnostic categories like schizophrenia (Garety et al., 2001) even though it has a similar unfavourable effect on outcome (McGinty and Upthegrove, 2020).”
BackgroundBell, V., Halligan, P. W., Pugh, K., & Freeman, D. H. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.025 · Cited by 38
“Recent models of psychosis have cited ‘neurotic’ symptoms as a key part of both the development and maintenance of psychotic symptoms (e.g. Bentall et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2001; Bell et al., 2006b; Paulik et al., 2006; Freeman, 2007) and empirical studies have reported a strong link between anxiety and hallucinat…”
Self-citationKesting, M.-L., Mehl, S., Rief, W., Lindenmeyer, J., & Lincoln, T. M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.036 · Cited by 43
“Thus, self-esteem has been included in the multicausal cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001; Kuipers et al., 2006) that postulates a loss of selfesteem, an external personal attributional style for negative events, impaired theory of mind and deficient reasoning…”
BackgroundSocial epistemological conception of delusion
Miyazono, K., & Salice, A. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02863-1 · Cited by 31
Schizophrenia, the very idea: On self-disorder, hyperreflexivity, and the diagnostic concept
Sass, L. A., & Feyaerts, J. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.022 · Cited by 37
Cognitive behaviour therapy for first episode psychosis: Good for nothing or fit for purpose?
Morrison, A. P. (2009) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522430903026393 · Cited by 33
“There have been several cognitive models of psychosis and psychotic experiences outlined (Bentall, 2003 ; Chadwick & Birchwood, 1994 ; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ; Morrison, 2001b ), which suggest that it is the way that people interpret psychotic phenomena that accounts for distress and disa…”
BackgroundCognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Review
Turkington, D., Dudley, R. E. J., Warman, D. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.4.2.223 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-195
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2162176680
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- psychosis, positive symptoms, cognitive models, cognitive processes, symptom maintenance, social factors, neurobiological factors, levels of explanation, phenomenology
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychotic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Environment
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