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A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
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“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models 21,22 posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“These results support biopsychosocial models 21,22,37 that emphasize the importance of environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis and need for care.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“it is likely that persistent PEs only become problematic in the context of pre-existent vulnerabilities, as suggested by contemporary aetiological models of psychosis 21,22,37”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“According to the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001) and the Bio‐Psychosocial Model of Transition to Psychosis (Georgiades et al. 2023), avoidance and social withdrawal, as well as psychosocial stress and interpersonal sensitivity, contribute to the onset and maintenance of psychosis symptoms.”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Garety et al. 2001
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“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is invoked as an explanatory mechanism in models of delusions.4”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“When people with schizophrenia (who have or are prone to delusions) make decisions in an uncertain setting, they tend to draw on less information in reaching that decision than does a person without schizophrenia.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“They might also ignore pieces of evidence that contradict that decision.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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Rodgers, E., Marwaha, S., & Humpston, C. S. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00664-0 · Cited by 13
“It is often thought that psychotic symptoms result from cognitive disturbances [21].”
BackgroundInvestigations Into the Phenomenology and the Ontology of the Work of Art
Bundgaard, P. F., & Stjernfelt, F. (2015) · Contributions to phenomenology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14090-2 · Cited by 16
Kambeitz‐Ilankovic, L., Hennig‐Fast, K., Benetti, S., Kambeitz, J. P., Pettersson‐Yeo, W., O’Daly, O., McGuire, P. K., & Allen, P. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs101 · Cited by 13
Changes in symptom content from a clinical high‐risk state to conversion to psychosis
Marshall, C., Lu, Y., Lyngberg, K., Deighton, S., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12473 · Cited by 15
Experience-based knowledge increases confidence in discriminating our memories
Cichoń, E., Gawęda, Ł., Moritz, S., & Szczepanowski, R. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0011-8 · Cited by 14
The association between sleep quality and attenuated psychotic symptoms
Clarke, S., Hanna, D., Davidson, S., Shannon, C., & Mulholland, C. C. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13020 · Cited by 11
Morrison, A. P., Pyle, M., Byrne, R. E., Broome, M. R., Freeman, D. H., Johns, L., James, A. C., Husain, N., Whale, R., MacLennan, G., et al. (2021) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta25040 · Cited by 16
Self-citationRaphael, J., Winter, R., & Berry, K. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.20 · Cited by 13
“…service delivery despite a number of challenges within these settings, such as the effect of isolation on increasing mental health symptoms, 8,9 an increase in the number of patients needing to access in-patient settings, 10 increased patient vulnerability (particularly when faced with…”
Gin, K., Stewart, C., Abbott, C., Banerjea, P., Bracegirdle, K., Browning, S., Byrne, M., Emsley, R., Ginestet, C. E., Hirsch, C. R., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.08.018 · Cited by 12
Self-citationReliability of Self-Reported Attachment Style in Patients With Severe Psychopathology
Picardi, A., Martinotti, G., Paci, M., Simi, C., & Caroppo, E. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.594128 · Cited by 13
“In recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the significance of social cognitive, interpersonal, and affective factors in determining vulnerability and outcome in severe psychiatric disorders (Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ).”
BackgroundAn Exploration of the Links between Trauma and Delusional Ideation in Secure Services
Calvert, C., Larkin, W., & Jellicoe‐Jones, L. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004621 · Cited by 13
“In models of persecutory delusions, it is suggested that delusions arise out of attempts to make sense of anomalous events (Maher, 1974; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundEvidence given for delusions during cognitive behaviour therapy
Rhodes, J., & Jakes, S. C. (2004) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.417 · Cited by 13
Ishikawa, R., Ishigaki, T., Kikuchi, A., Matsumoto, K., Kobayashi, S., Morishige, S., Hosono, M., Nakamura, Y., Kase, A., Morimoto, T., et al. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9807-8 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, recent cognitive model of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001; Freeman 2007) suggest that there are close links between emotions and psychotic phenomena.”
BackgroundResultAkün, E. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.05.002 · Cited by 12
Chi, J., Liu, N., Tian, T., Jiang, Q., Lu, C., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Ma, Y., Wang, L., & Li, S. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06333-7 · Cited by 15
“The precise mechanisms behind this correlation remain elusive, yet from the cognitive model of psychosis proposed by Garety et al., it can be postulated that loneliness may exacerbate psychiatric symptoms by reinforcing their negative perceptions and lowering their self-esteem [29].”
Phalen, P. L., Kimhy, D., Jobes, D. A., & Bennett, M. E. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01675-x · Cited by 14
Gene–environment pathways to cognitive intelligence and psychotic-like experiences in children
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the traumatogenic phenotype hypothesis of psychosis
Onyeama, F., Melegkovits, E. A., Yu, N., Parvez, A., Rodrigues, A., Billings, J., Kelleher, I., Cannon, M. D., & Bloomfield, M. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.52 · Cited by 14
“75 Supporting this, we identified greater fear recognition and accentuation of appraisal of faces as negative in individuals with psychosis who had experienced developmental trauma.”
Morejón, A. J. V., JIMÉNEZ, R. V.-M., & Zanin, G. B. (2013) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/cnmtzp20 · Cited by 12
“…de funcionamiento social (Bradshaw & Brekke, 1999; Brekke et al, 1993; Roe, 2003), el ánimo depresivo, con la severidad de las alucinaciones y con contenidos delirantes más negativos (Bentall et al, 2001; Smith et al. 2006) y con el mantenimiento de los síntomas psicóticos (Garety et al., 2001) .”
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Behavioral Experiments in the Treatment of Paranoid Schizophrenia: A Single Case Study
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“The cognitive model of psychosis conceptualizes a combination of factors that shape and maintain positive symptoms such as delusions and auditory hallucinations ( Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ), where reasoning and attributional biases may play a particular role in symptom formation and the mai…”
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Recovery style and stigma in psychosis: the healing power of integrating
Espinosa, R., Valiente, C., Rigabert, A., & Song, H. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2016.1147427 · Cited by 15
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Les traumatismes de l’enfance chez les sujets à ultra haut risque de psychose
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Fadhel, S. B., Hakiri, A., & Cheour, M. (2019) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2018.11.023 · Cited by 12
The impact of social and sensory stress on cognitive biases and delusions in schizophrenia
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“Although emotional-type biases have been associated with psychotic thinking (8, 42), few studies have linked Beck’s described biases for emotional disorders with psychotic symptoms.”
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“According to the twofactor model of delusion [46, 47], the biased judgement of the intentions of others at the onset of exposure to stimuli constitutes the initial stage of delusion formation.”
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“Garety et al. (2001) developed a cognitive model of psychosis (Figure 8) and proposed that unusual perceptual experiences themselves are not necessarily pathological; however, it is the misattribution of such symptoms as being externally generated that causes distressing positive symptoms (Bucci &…”
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Emotional processing during speech communication and positive symptoms in schizophrenia
Ito, F., Matsumoto, K., Miyakoshi, T., Ohmuro, N., Uchida, T., & Matsuoka, H. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12103 · Cited by 12
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A graded exposure intervention for distressing visual hallucinations in schizophrenia.
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Anger Expression Styles in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
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“This is consistent with models of paranoia development and maintenance (Garety et al., 2001).”
ResultThe typology problem and the doxastic approach to delusions
López‐Silva, P. (2016) · Filosofia Unisinos · doi:10.4013/fsu.2016.172.15 · Cited by 12
“Rather than adaptive psychological responses, delusions involve disorders and alterations in the normal functioning of beliefs produced by a combination of anomalous first-order perceptual experiences (Maher, 1974, 2003), impairments in the process of hypothesis evaluation (Langdon and Coltheart, 2000), or unusual exp…”
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Lack of concordance between subjective improvement and symptom change in psychotic episodes
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Persecutory delusions and attributions for real negative events: A study in a forensic sample
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“What might explain the relationship between external blame attribution and psychosis? From a cognitive perspective, delusional beliefs are thought to represent an attempt to make sense of internal events and explain experiences that are disrupted by illness mechanisms (Maher, 1974; Garety & Freeman, 1999; Garety et al…”
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The clinical relevance of appraisals of psychotic experiences
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Self-citationThe Role of Emotion in Psychosis Onset and Symptom Persistence: A Systematic Review
Gurnani, R., & Georgiades, A. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70096 · Cited by 13
Cella, M., Sedgwick, O., Lawrence, M., Grant, N., Tsapekos, D., Harrison, L., & Wykes, T. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114963 · Cited by 11
“It is possible, in line with the cognitive behavioural intervention framework of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001) to hypothesise that altering the appraisal of social situations may be how these interventions achieve change in social behaviour.”
Moment-to-moment affective dynamics in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
So, S. H., Chau, A. K. C., Chung, L. K.-H., Leung, C.-M., Chong, G. H.-C., Chang, W. C., Mak, A. D. P., Chan, S. S. M., Lee, S., & Sommer, I. E. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2438 · Cited by 15
Bridging perspectives - A review and synthesis of 53 theoretical models of delusions
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Core beliefs in psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jorovat, A., Twumasi, R., Mechelli, A., & Georgiades, A. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00577-2 · Cited by 11
“…fl uential in the formation of core beliefs, leading an individual to view themselves as a failure, inferior, weak/vulnerable, worthless, and/or unlovable/ unlikeable, others as untrustworthy, uncaring, unreliable, and/or rejecting, and the world as dangerous, unpredictable, and/or isolating 11,12 .”
The effect of childhood trauma on age of onset in patients with schizophrenia
İngeç, C., & Kılıçaslan, E. E. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020943629 · Cited by 11
“Post-traumatic negative beliefs about self, world and others (‘I’m vulnerable’ and ‘other people are dangerous’; Bentall et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001) and positive beliefs about psychotic experiences (‘paranoid thoughts as a survival strategy’; Morrison et al.”
BackgroundThe role of cognitive control in the positive symptoms of psychosis
Horne, C. M., Sahni, A., Pang, S. W., Vanes, L. D., Szentgyorgyi, T., Averbeck, B. B., Moran, R., & Shergill, S. S. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103004 · Cited by 12
Cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia
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Quality and correlates of specific self-esteem at the beginning stabilisation phase of schizophrenia
Wittorf, A., Wiedemann, G., Buchkremer, G., & Klingberg, S. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.024 · Cited by 11
“, 2001), as well as the maintenance of psychotic symptoms (Freeman et al., 1998; Garety et al., 2001), have been hypothesised.”
BackgroundQualitative investigation of targets for and barriers to interventions to prevent psychosis relapse
Eisner, E., Barrowclough, C., Lobban, F. A., & Drake, R. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-201 · Cited by 12
“ICD-10) [18] and psychological [19] models of psychosis, is likely to have influenced data interpretation.”
BackgroundResultNarrative Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Psychosis
Praško, J. P., Diveky, T., Grambal, A., Kamarádová, D., Látalová, K., Mainerová, B., Vrbová, K., & Trcova, A. (2010) · Cited by 11
Prochwicz, K., & Kłosowska, J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.085 · Cited by 12
“Recent empirically-based cognitive models of psychosis also emphasize the crucial role of biased cognitive processes in the formation of positive psychotic symptoms (Garety et al., 2001; Freeman et al., 2002).”
BackgroundRelationships between intra-individual variability and subclinical psychosis
Wallace, S., Morton, S. E., & Linscott, R. J. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112592 · Cited by 11
Feller, C. M., Ilen, L., D, S. E. M., & Schneider, M. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.09.024 · Cited by 11
Croft, J., Teufel, C., Heron, J., Fletcher, P. C., David, A. S., Lewis, G., Moutoussis, M., FitzGerald, T. H. B., Linden, D. E. J., Thompson, A. D., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.12.007 · Cited by 11
“Abnormalities in belief updating have been postulated as a mediating mechanism (11,12), but this hypothesis has not been empirically evaluated.”
BackgroundTeorías cognitivas de las creencias delirantes
Gálvez, C. D.-A., & VÁZQUEZ-VALVERDE, C. (2006) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/cp6tyk30 · Cited by 11
Mehl, S., Rief, W., Lüllmann, E., Ziegler, M., Müller, M. J., & Lincoln, T. M. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546801003640419 · Cited by 11
“Due to these findings, externalising and personalising bias were incorporated into theoretical models as one of the social-cognitive biases triggering the development and maintenance of positive symptoms and persecutory delusions, in combination with negative self-schemata (Bentall & Fernyhough, 2008 ; Bentall, Kinder…”
BackgroundFisher, H. L., Roberts, A., Day, F., Reynolds, N., Iacoponi, E., Garety, P. A., Craig, T., McGuire, P. K., Valmaggia, L., & Power, P. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12219 · Cited by 11
Self-citationSchizotypie ou névrose ? la place des expériences réputées psychotiques
Évrard, R. (2010) · Perspectives Psy · doi:10.1051/ppsy/2010493230 · Cited by 10
Are the Effects of Duration of Untreated Psychosis Socially Mediated?
Norman, R. M. G. (2014) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371405901004 · Cited by 12
Nolan, E., Murphy, S., O’Neill, T., Houston, J. E., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. E. (2018) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2018.1511745 · Cited by 13
Cognitive behaviour therapy for children and adolescents: some theoretical and developmental issues
Bolton, D. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543845.002 · Cited by 11
Introduction to Mindfulness and Acceptance‐based Therapies for Psychosis
Oliver, J. E., Joseph, C., Byrne, M., Johns, L., & Morris, E. M. J. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118499184.ch1 · Cited by 11
“These findings, in conjunction with the recognition of the importance of social and psychological factors in psychosis (Bebbington & Kuipers, 1994; Garety et al., 2001; van Os, 2004), have contributed to the development of psychological interventions for people with psychosis.”
Backgroundvan Zelst, C., van Nierop, M. M., van Dam, D. S., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., Delespaul, P., & GROUP-investigators (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117386 · Cited by 10
“In addition, appraisal of experiences—influenced by reasoning and attributional biases, dysfunctional schemas of self and world, and isolation and adverse environments—influences the development of, amongst others, positive symptoms [13,43].”
BackgroundWong, A. W. S., Ting, K. T., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2018) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.12.015 · Cited by 13
The impact of family environment on self-esteem and symptoms in early psychosis
Hinojosa‐Marqués, L., Monsonet, M., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249721 · Cited by 10
“[2], empirical studies have also highlighted the role of patients’ self-esteem as a psychological mechanism by which family negative attitudes impact psychotic symptom expression.”
BackgroundResultPionke‐Ubych, R., Frydecka, D., Cechnicki, A., Krężołek, M., Nelson, B., & Gawęda, Ł. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01355-8 · Cited by 11
“Based on cognitive models of psychosis [80, 81] it is hypothesized that exposure to early social adversities such as childhood neglect or abuse may bias cognitive schemas in a way that encourages individuals to perceive the world as threatening and hostile, thus concentrating on searching for sources of potential harm…”
Backgroundvon Hardenberg, L., Leopold, K., Stenzel, N., Kallenbach, M., Aliakbari, N., Bechdolf, A., & Mehl, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.943488 · Cited by 12
Daemen, M., van Amelsvoort, T., GROUP investigators, & Reininghaus, U. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/34147 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, self-esteem has been shown to be involved in the development and maintenance of psychotic symptoms [28-32].”
BackgroundMorrison, A. P., Gonçalves, C. C., Peel, H., Larkin, A., & Bowe, S. E. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000583 · Cited by 10
“The specific forms of CBT were also more explicitly linked to cognitive models of psychosis (e.g. Garety et al ., 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundCovariance and specificity in adolescent schizotypal and borderline trait expression
Badoud, D., Billieux, J., Eliez, S., Imhof, A., Heller, P., Eytan, A., & Debbané, M. (2014) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12120 · Cited by 10
“A polarized encoding style may sustain faulty attribution in everyday life,(33) which is consistent with cognitive models of psychosis that emphasize the processes involved in internal versus external information discrimination.(34,35) In particular, evidence shows that the attribution of internal content to an extern…”
BackgroundMann, S. K. F., & Chong, B. B. W. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487760490465013 · Cited by 10
“Garety and colleagues (2001) thought that psychotic beliefs are related to self-esteem, emotions, and specific social contexts.”
BackgroundSönmez, N., Hagen, R., Andreassen, O. A., Romm, K. L., Grande, M., Jensen, L. H., Morrison, A. P., Melle, I. S., & Røssberg, J. I. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.06.001 · Cited by 10
What makes delusions pathological?
Petrolini, V. (2017) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2017.1288899 · Cited by 10
“In particular, delusional subjects would prioritize certain stimuli over others—for example, potential threats—and would require fewer instances than controls to endorse a certain explanation—a “jumping to conclusion” bias (see Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPienkos, E., & Sass, L. A. (2017) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000455876 · Cited by 10
Carter, L., Read, J., Pyle, M., Law, H., & Morrison, A. P. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017709849 · Cited by 10
Thomas, E. C., Murakami-Brundage, J., Bertolami, N., Beck, A. T., & Grant, P. M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.053 · Cited by 12
Positive and negative psychosis risk symptoms among adolescents in Ghana
Adjorlolo, S., & Anum, A. (2021) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2021.1933110 · Cited by 10
“In contrast, it could be argued that the symptoms of anxiety, depression and suicidal tendencies predate the development of PLEs (Garety et al., 2001; Hartley et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNavalón, P., Sahuquillo-Leal, R., Moreno-Giménez, A., Salmerón, L., Benavent, P., Sierra, P., Cañada, Y., Martínez, A. J. C., Berk, M., & García‐Blanco, A. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.044 · Cited by 10
Barnes, G., Emsley, R., Garety, P., & Hardy, A. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgad017 · Cited by 11
Self-citationCreativity and the spectrum of affective and schizophrenic psychoses
Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139128902.013 · Cited by 10
Bortolon, C., Larøi, F., Stéphan, Y., Capdevielle, D., Yazbek, H., Boulenger, J., Gély-Nargeot, M.-C., & Raffard, S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.081 · Cited by 10
“The presence of metacognitive beliefs may lead to self-focused attention, threat monitoring and other safety behaviors associated with anxiety, which may influence psychotic experiences (Garety et al., 2001; Brett et al., 2009).”
BackgroundCognitive Behavior Therapy for Psychotic Disorders: Current Issues and Future Developments
Tarrier, N. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpi005 · Cited by 10
Veling, W. (2008) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 10
Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review.
Vinu, M., & Georgiades, A. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70090 · Cited by 9
Hallucination Proneness Alters Sensory Feedback Processing in Self-voice Production
Duggirala, S. X., Schwartze, M., Goller, L. K., Linden, D. E. J., Pinheiro, A. P., & Kotz, S. A. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae095 · Cited by 9
Preventing disease progression in schizophrenia: What are we waiting for
Lieberman, J. A., Mendelsohn, A. I., Goldberg, T. E., & Emsley, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.12.042 · Cited by 9
A temporal network analysis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosis symptoms
Panayi, P., Contreras, A., PETERS, E. R., Bentall, R. P., Hardy, A., Berry, K., Sellwood, W., Dudley, R. E. J., Longden, E., Underwood, R., et al. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000030 · Cited by 9
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Brief Core Schema Scales
Yamauchi, T., Sudo, A., & Tanno, Y. (2009) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.79.498 · Cited by 10
Childhood maltreatment in individuals at risk of psychosis: Results from the Brazilian SSAPP cohort
Freitas, E. L., Loch, A. A., Chianca, C., Andrade, J. C., Serpa, M. H., Alves, T. M., Hortêncio, L., Pinto, M. T. C., van de Bilt, M. T., Gattaz, W. F., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020922252 · Cited by 9
“…– impairments to the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and stress regulation – and psychological mechanisms – negative beliefs about the self and others (Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001) and the belief that paranoia is a helpful survival strategy (Morrison et al., 2005) – is needed to…”
BackgroundUchida, T., Kawamura, C., 三船, 奈., Hamaie, Y., Matsumoto, K., Ambo, H., & Ueno, T. (2012) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.20.143 · Cited by 9
Sun, X., So, S. H., Chung, L. K.-H., Chiu, C., Chan, R. C. K., & Leung, P. W. L. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.005 · Cited by 9
Wu, Z., Jiang, Z., Wang, Z., Ji, Y., Wang, F., Ross, B., Sun, X., Liu, Z., & Long, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814242 · Cited by 9
“Notably, it is also well-established that patients with psychosis presented cognitive dysfunction that could precede the onset of full-blown disease with debilitating positive symptoms and cognitive distortion even contribute to the maintenance of psychotic symptoms (51).”
BackgroundGregersen, M., Rohd, S. B., Jepsen, J. R. M., Brandt, J. M., Søndergaard, A., Hjorthøj, C. R., Knudsen, C. B., Andreassen, A. K., Veddum, L., Ohland, J., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac060 · Cited by 10
Cognitive functioning correlates of self-esteem and health locus of control in schizophrenia
Wang, C., Wu, J., Chang, W. C., & Chuang, S. (2013) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s51682 · Cited by 8
Abbs, B., Achalia, R. M., Adelufosi, A. O., Aktener, A. Y., Beveridge, N. J., Bhakta, S. G., Blackman, R. K., Bora, E., Byun, M. S., Cabanis, M., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.024 · Cited by 8
“She noted that there are some models for CBT in psychosis (Garety et al., 2007; Garety et al., 2001; Kuipers et al., 2006) and that the efficacy of this therapy has been demostrated by a number of systematic reviews.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-195
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2162176680
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- psychosis, positive symptoms, cognitive models, cognitive processes, symptom maintenance, social factors, neurobiological factors, levels of explanation, phenomenology
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychotic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Environment
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